1. Cell Structure and Function

2. Two Basic Cell Types: Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

3. Two Basic Types
Remember….cells are the basic unit of life for ALL living things.
There are two basic types of cells:
Prokaryotic cells – found in bacteria
Eukaryotic cells – found in protists, fungi, plants and animals

4. As we discuss the differences between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotes fill in you concept map.
Eukaryotes
Nut-Nucleus
same
No Nut-No Nucleus

5. Characteristics Shared
ONLY WRITE THE BOLDED WORDS IN VENN DIAGRAM
same basic functions
Plasma membrane to control what enters and leaves the cell
“Filled” with cytoplasm
Contain ribosomes to make protein
Contain DNA

6. What Makes Eukaryotic Cells Different?
ONLY WRITE THE BOLDED WORDS IN VENN DIAGRAM
Much larger
Much more complex
Contain a nucleus to house the genetic material (DNA)
Linear DNA packaged into chromatin found inside the nucleus
Contains organelles-specialized structures in the cytoplasm
Not all have a cell wall

7. What Makes Prokaryotic Cells Different?
ONLY WRITE THE BOLDED WORDS IN VENN DIAGRAM
Much smaller
Less complex
No nucleus
Circular DNA that is found in the cytoplasm
No organelles found in the cytoplasm
Surrounded by a cell wall

8. Eukaryotic Cells

9. What does size have to do with it?
Prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells. Why?
Smaller surface area to volume allows nutrients to easily and quickly reach inner parts of the cell.
Eukaryotic cells are larger and can not pass nutrients as quickly. They require specialized organelles to:
carry out metabolism
provides energy
transport chemicals throughout the cell

10. Why do we call them cells?
When 1st viewed in microscope, Hooke thought looked like rooms where monks lived—saw cork under microscope…looked like empty rooms 11

11. In 1665, Robert Hooke was the first to view cells from cork (dead plant material).
He called them “cells” because they looked like tiny rooms.

13. Cell Theory All living things are made of CELLS
CELLS are the basic units of structure and function in living things
New CELLS are produced from existing CELLS

14. TEM picture of a real cell membrane.
About Cell Membranes
All cells have a cell membrane
Functions:
Controls what enters and exits the cell to maintain an internal balance called homeostasis
Provides protection and support for the cell
TEM picture of a real cell membrane.

15. Lipid Bilayer -2 layers of phospholipids
Structure of cell membrane
Lipid Bilayer -2 layers of phospholipids
Phosphate head is polar (water loving)
Fatty acid tails non-polar (water fearing)
Proteins embedded in membrane
Phospholipid
Lipid Bilayer

16. 4. Cell membranes have pores (holes) in it
Selectively permeable: Allows some molecules in and keeps other molecules out
The structure helps it be selective!
Pores

17. Fluid Mosaic Model of the cell membrane
Polar heads love water & dissolve.
Membrane movement animation
Non-polar tails hide from water.
Carbohydrate cell markers
Proteins

18. Label the cell membrane in your notes
Outside of cell
Carbohydrate
chains
Proteins
Lipid
Bilayer
Transport
Protein
Phospholipids
Inside of cell
(cytoplasm)
Animations
of membrane structure
Go to Section:

19. Types of Cellular Transport
Animations of Active Transport & Passive Transport
high
low
Weeee!!!
Passive Transport
cell doesn’t use energy
Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Osmosis
Active Transport
cell does use energy
Protein Pumps
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
high
low
This is gonna be hard work!!

20. Passive Transport (HighLow) cell uses no energy
molecules move randomly
Molecules spread out from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
(HighLow)
Three types:

21. 3 Types of Passive Transport
Diffusion
Facilitative Diffusion – diffusion with the help of transport proteins
Osmosis – diffusion of water

22. Passive Transport: 1. Diffusion
Simple Diffusion Animation
Passive Transport: 1. Diffusion
Diffusion: random movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
(High to Low)
Diffusion continues until all molecules are evenly spaced (equilibrium is reached)-Note: molecules will still move around but stay spread out.

23. Facilitated diffusion (Channel Protein) Diffusion (Lipid Bilayer)
Passive Transport: 2. Facilitated Diffusion A B
2. Facilitated diffusion: diffusion of specific particles through transport proteins found in the membrane
Transport Proteins are specific – they “select” only certain molecules to cross the membrane
Transports larger or charged molecules
Facilitated diffusion (Channel Protein)
Diffusion (Lipid Bilayer)
Carrier Protein

24. Passive Transport: 3. Osmosis
Osmosis animation
3.Osmosis: diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Water moves from high to low concentrations
Water moves freely through pores.
Solute (green) to large to move across.

25. Osmosis Animations for isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions
Hypotonic: The solution has a lower concentration of solutes and a higher concentration of water than inside the cell. (Low solute; High water)
Result: Water moves from the solution to inside the cell): Cell Swells and bursts open (cytolysis)!

26. Osmosis Animations for isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions
Hypertonic Solution
Hypertonic: The solution has a higher concentration of solutes and a lower concentration of water than inside the cell. (High solute; Low water)
shrinks
Result: Water moves from inside the cell into the solution: Cell shrinks (Plasmolysis)!

27. Osmosis Animations for isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions
Isotonic Solution
Isotonic: The concentration of solutes in the solution is equal to the concentration of solutes inside the cell.
Result: Water moves equally in both directions and the cell remains same size! (Dynamic Equilibrium)

28. B C A What type of solution are these cells in? Hypertonic Isotonic
Hypotonic

29. Osmosis Video
Osmosis Rap

30. Osmosis worksheet

31. Active Transport (Low  High) cell uses energy
actively moves molecules to where they are needed
Movement from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
(Low  High)
Three Types:

32. 3 Types of Active Tranport
1. Protein Pumps
2. Endocytosis:
3. Exocytosis

33. Types of Active Transport
Sodium Potassium Pumps (Active Transport using proteins)
1. Protein Pumps -transport proteins that require energy to do work
Example: Sodium / Potassium Pumps are important in nerve responses.
Protein changes shape to move molecules: this requires energy!

34. Types of Active Transport
2. Endocytosis: taking bulky material into a cell
Uses energy
Cell membrane in-folds around food particle
“cell eating”
forms food vacuole & digests food
This is how white blood cells eat bacteria!

35. Types of Active Transport
3. Exocytosis: Forces material out of cell in bulk
membrane surrounding the material fuses with cell membrane
Cell changes shape – requires energy
EX: Hormones or wastes released from cell
Endocytosis & Exocytosis animations

36. Exocytosis and Endocytosis
Exocytosis – process of a cell releasing materials (exiting)
Endocytosis – process of cell taking materials in (entering)
Exocytosis

37. How Organisms Deal with Osmotic Pressure
Paramecium (protist) removing excess water video
Bacteria and plants have cell walls that prevent them from over-expanding. In plants the pressure exerted on the cell wall is called tugor pressure.
A protist like paramecium has contractile vacuoles that collect water flowing in and pump it out to prevent them from over-expanding.
Salt water fish pump salt out of their specialized gills so they do not dehydrate.
Animal cells are bathed in blood. Kidneys keep the blood isotonic by remove excess salt and water.

40. Active transport Passive transport Diffusion Osmosis Food Bacteria
Cell membrane
Active transport
Passive transport
ATP: Energy
Proteins
Diffusion
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Osmosis
Food
Bacteria
Wastes
Secretions
Cell membrane
Proteins
Glucose
Amino acids
Ions
Facilitated Diffusion