1. Nationalism, Democracy and Imperialism
The Prelude to World War I
Ch and 12.3; Ch. 13.3; Ch – 14.4

2. Reaction and Revolution in Europe
Main Idea and the Big Picture
Reaction and Revolution in Europe
* After the French Revolution and demise of Napoleon, European rulers wanted to return to a conservative order and keep a balance of power among nations (1815)…
* THINK: “Why would Europe want to return to a more conservative order?”
* Liberals and nationalists struggled to achieve more liberal governments and new nations… Their struggle eventually led to the revolutions that swept across Europe in 1848!

3. Congress of Vienna, 1815
* The Congress of Vienna was a “conference of ambassadors of European states” chaired by Austrian Foreign Minister Klemens von Metternich (September 1814 – June 1815)
* Austria, Great Britain, Prussia and Russia (France, too)…
* THINK: “What was the objective of the Congress of Vienna?”
…to settle the many issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, Napoleonic Wars and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire – to deal with POST-Napoleonic Europe!

4. Conservatism in the Early 19th Century
* The ambassadors at the Congress of Vienna believed in a political philosophy known as conservatism… and wanted to maintain a balance of power in Europe!
* The conservatives at Vienna: “favored traditional European cultural views and values and opposed the drastic change that the French Revolution had unleashed on Europe” (pre-Napoleon)

5. Conservatism in the Early 19th Century
* “What is European conservatism of the 19th century based on?”
1.) tradition; social stability whatever the cost
2.) obedience to political authority
3.) organized religion and the structure it provides for society
4.) a strong hatred of revolutions and drastic change
5.) unwillingness to compromise with those who want individual rights and representative government

6. * The Congress of Vienna resulted in the redrawing of Europe's political map, 1815 *

7. * The Congress of Vienna resulted in the redrawing of Europe's political map, 1815 *
* Russia was given most of the Duchy of Warsaw (Poland) and was allowed to keep Finland
* Prussia was given parts of Saxony and parts of the Duchy of Warsaw
* A German Confederation of 38 states was created from the previous 360 of the Holy Roman Empire – under control of Austria and Prussia.
* The Netherlands and Belgium were united into the United Kingdom of the Netherlands (Dutch Republic)
* The Papal States (Italy) were given back to the Pope
* The King of Sardinia was restored in Piedmont, Nice, and Savoy, and was given control of Genoa
* The Bourbon Ferdinand IV, King of Sicily was restored to control of the Kingdom of Naples

8. The Rise of Liberalism and Nationalism
* After the Congress of Vienna, conservative governments throughout Europe worked to maintain the “old order.” (liberals and nationalists fought to oppose these conservative attempts…)
* Liberalism is a political philosophy which believes that “people should be as free as possible from government restraint”
* “What are the main beliefs of these classical liberals?”
1.) civil liberties should be protected (equal protection, speech, assembly, press, etc.) – Bill of Rights
2.) constitutionalism
3.) religious toleration; “separation of church and state”
4.) representative republicanism (NOT democracy)

9. The Rise of Liberalism and Nationalism
* Nationalism arose (during the FR) when people began to identify themselves as “a part of a community defined by a distinctive language, common institutions, customs and culture” (extreme pride in one’s NATION!)
* Belief that their NATION should have autonomy over their own political decisions! (French, German, Spanish, Czech, Hungarians, Palestinians, Romanians, Poles, Italians, etc…)

10. The Rise of Liberalism and Nationalism
* THINK: “Why is nationalism an even bigger threat to the existing political order than liberalism?”
1.) unified Germans would upset balance-of-power
2.) unified Hungarians would mean break-up of Austrian Empire
* Liberalism and nationalism combined created a huge threat to balance-of-power throughout Europe! *

11. Revolutionary Outbursts in Europe
* Into the 1830s, liberalism and nationalism had spread throughout Europe and encouraged minor outbursts in several countries:
1830 – France, Charles X (ultra-conservative) … Louis Philippe!
1830 – Belgium from the Dutch Republic
X – Poland and Italy, as well…
* Beginning in 1848, revolution spread throughout Europe as the ‘old order’ still dominated most of the continent! *
The French Revolution: The Success of Liberalism
The most important revolution took place in France. The ultra-conservative King Charles X took steps to undermine even the mild concessions made by his predecessor, Louis XVIII. When Charles X dissolved the Chamber of Deputies and restricted the franchise, violence erupted in the streets of Paris. Charles X abdicated, and the liberals placed Louis-Philippe, Duke of Orleans, on the throne. Louis-Philippe served the interests of the liberal bourgeoisie by extending the franchise slightly and by declaring that Roman Catholicism was no longer the state religion.
The Belgian Revolution: The Success of Nationalism
The liberal revolution in France triggered a nationalist revolution in Belgium. Belgians resented the control of the Netherlands. When they heard of the revolution in Paris, they too took to the streets to demand autonomy. When the Dutch government refused, Britain called a conference of European powers to resolve the situation. The conference recognized Belgium independence.
The Polish Rebellion: The Failure of Nationalism
the revolution in France also triggered a revolution in the kingdom of Poland. In 1815, Poland had been made a separate kingdom under the Russia tsar, Alexander I (r ). In 1830, the Poles revolted against Russian control. Both liberals and nationalists joined the revolt. Western European powers refused to intervene on their behalf, and thus the Russians easily crushed the Polish revolt.
(liberalism and nationalism continued to grow throughout the 19th century)

12. 1848: Outbursts in France SUCCESSFUL
* The “February Revolution” in France was sparked by the suppression of the campagne des banquets by King Louis Philippe
* …driven by nationalist and republican ideals in France:
Louis Philippe
1.) universal male suffrage
2.) representative republicanism
3.) Constitutional Republic
The first revolution in 1848 took place in Paris.
The economic decline led the workers to start demonstrations calling for the right to vote and government assistance. When the troops of Louis-Philippe killed several demonstrators, barricades went up in the streets. Louis-Philippe abdicated, and the revolutionaries created the Second French Republic.
The provisional government implemented universal manhood suffrage and established national workshops to provide work for the unemployed. The radical political program was not popular, and this allowed the conservatives to gain control in the election of April When, in June of 1848, the conservative-dominated National Assembly closed the workshops, riots exploded again. This time they were crushed.
In December 1848, Napoleon's nephew, Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte ( ), was elected president. He had support from conservatives, liberals, and moderate republicans. In 1851, he proclaimed himself Emperor Napoleon III.
* Ended the constitutional monarchy of Louis-Philippe, and led to the creation of the French Second Republic! (President Louis-Napoleon)
SUCCESSFUL

13. (and eliminate Austrian control)
1848: Outbursts in italy
* Congress of Vienna – broken Italy into different political states:
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Papal States; Duchies of Parma, Tuscany and Modena; Kingdom of Sardinia, which consisted of Nice, Genoa, Savoy, Piedmont and Sardinia
* Revolutions broke out in northern italy (controlled by Austria-Hungary) seeking a more liberal constitution…
Italy also experienced a series of revolutions. The revolutionaries' success in Milan inspired similar developments in other Italian towns. King Charles Albert of Piedmont assumed leadership of the Italian nationalist cause. He alienated republicans and rulers of other Italian states with his desire to achieve personal gain. His failure to defeat the Austrian army signaled a failure of the revolution.
(and eliminate Austrian control)
FAILURE

14. 1848: Outbursts in germany FAILURE
* A German Confederation of 38 states was created and placed under control of the Austria and Prussia
* Liberalism and nationalism forces German rulers to promise change… the Frankfurt Assembly and German unification!
…demanded German national unity, freedom of the press and freedom of assembly
News of the revolution in France triggered revolutions in the German states, Austria, Hungary, and Bohemia.
German revolutionaries wanted both liberal constitutional reforms and national unification. The explosion of revolutions forced the German princes to grant the constitutional changes… an assembly of German representatives was meeting at Frankfurt and writing a constitution for a united Germany. By the middle of 1849 the conservative forces were regaining the upper hand in central Europe. In Germany, Austria voted against the plan for unification and the king of Prussia refused to accept the crown of a unified Germany. With the failure of its agenda, the Frankfurt Parliament disbanded.
FAILURE

15. 1848: Outbursts in austria-hungary
* Austro-Hungarian Empire was a multi-national state (Germans held the empire together)
* March 1848: Empire was threatened by revolution… “attempted to either achieve autonomy, independence, or control over other nationalities.”
In Austria, demonstrators demanded conservative minister Clements von Metternich's resignation, and the emperor summoned a constitutional assembly and implemented a moderate government. In Bohemia, Czech nationalists called for autonomy. In Hungary, nationalists led by Lajos Kossuth ( ) pushed for liberal reforms and autonomy. A Pan-Slav Congress was held in Prague and called for unity of the Slavs within the empire.
The revolutions in Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary were crushed by the Austrian army.
FAILURE

16. Towards Unification… Main Idea and the Big Picture
* Although the revolutions of 1848 had failed, nationalism and liberalism remained powerful forces of change in Europe throughout the rest of the 19th century…
* Some new countries, such as Germany and Italy were formed by uniting smaller political states with a common “national identity”
* …while others, such as Romania, Greece, Poland and Bulgaria, were formed by winning their independence!

17. The Crimean War,
* Balkan Peninsula – Why an issue for Russia?
* War breaks out in 1853 – between Russia and the Ottoman Empire (Russia's rights to protect Orthodox Christians)
* THINK: “Why is the result of the Crimean War significant?”
* Breakdown of the “Concert of Europe” – created NEW rivalries… (Russia vs. Austria; Great Britain and France – Piedmont, too)

18. Italian Unification, 1859-1870 * Victor Emmanuel II – King of Piedmont
* Camillo di Cavour – Who? (alliance w/ France) – AUSTRIA
1.) Nice and Savoy to France
2.) Lombardy to Piedmont
3.) Austria kept Venetia
* …caused nationalists to revolt! (1859)
* Giuseppe Garibaldi – Who? What? (1860)
* MARCH 17, 1861
* Austro-Prussian War, 1866 (gets Venetia); Franco-Prussian War, 1870 (gets Rome)

19. German Unification,
* Germans to Prussians for unification! (1840s) – WHY?
1864
* Prussian King wilhelm I appoints Otto von Bismarck as Prime Minister… (becomes dictator)
* Austro-Prussian War, 1866
* North German Confederation (Prussia); South German Confederation (Austria) – Alliance?
* FRANCO-Prussian War, 1870 – German unification!