1. Civil Law Introduction

2. Civil Law
Civil law, also known as private law or tort law, regulates disputes between individuals.
The main purpose of criminal law is to punish offenders while protecting society.
The main purpose of civil law is to compensate for harm, usually in the form of damages - $$$ awarded to a plaintiff for harm, loss, or injury.
Plaintiff: the person or party that initiates the lawsuit.
Defendant: the party that must respond to the lawsuit.
Judge/Jury
Court Officers (clerk, sheriff, etc.)

3. Youth A minor can not represent his or herself.
If suing, they must be represented by a next friend.
If they are being sued, they must have a guardian at litem, which literally means, “a guardian for the suit or for the purposes of the suit”
The same holds true for those with disabilities.

4. Civil Actions
Typical civil actions, or lawsuits, fall under these categories:
Tort Law: injuries or harm created by one person to another’s body, reputation, or property; “tort” is derived from a Latin word meaning “twisted” or “wrong.”
Family Law: personal disputes that involve marriage, divorce, child custody, adoption, and support claims.
Contract Law: failing to fulfill the terms of an agreement, such as non-payment for a service.
Labour Law: disputes in the workplace such as wrongful dismissal, unpaid overtime.
Property Law: disputes about ownership or maintenance of property.

5. Crimes and Torts
Many crimes can also become torts. If a person is convicted of a crime, the victim does not usually gain from that personally.
In many cases, a person can be sued in addition to being charged.
Example: A person who is charged with assault may also be sued by the victim for battery. If successful, the victim will receive compensation directly.
Other common examples include
the crime of break and enter = the tort of trespass to land
the crime of theft = the tort of trespass to goods.

6. Civil Courts
Civil actions can become very complex and almost always involve money.
Similar to criminal law, there are different types of civil courts used to hear various civil cases.
Cases that involve large sums of money are tried in a provincial supreme court and may be appealed to a provincial appeal court. Some cases that require important precedents may go the Supreme Court of Canada.
Generally, cases that are relatively minor in nature are heard in small claims court.

7. Small Claims Court
Often referred to as “the people's court,” small claims court resolves civil disputes of $10,000 or less, although some provinces have limits as high as $25,000.
The trial itself is more informal, with the plaintiff and defendant representing themselves.
Both parties present their sides of the story to a judge and do not need to know much about the law as the dispute is usually fairly simple.
Plaintiffs file the paperwork themselves and pay a court fee. The defendant receives a copy of the lawsuit and then a court date is set.

8. Small Claims Actions Common examples of small claims actions:
breach of contract
minor accidents
damage to property
recovery of property
unpaid bills, loans, rent, or wages
The dollar limit for small claims court ranges from $5000 to $25,000, depending on the province.

9. Balance of Probabilities
In a criminal case, verdicts are based on the concept of beyond a reasonable doubt.
In a civil case, verdicts are based on the balance of probabilities, which means “more probable than not.”
The plaintiff and defendant, also known as the litigants, must convince the judge that their version of the dispute is the correct one.
The judge must then decide which version or story is more believable.
If the plaintiff wins the case, the defendant is liable or responsible; if the defendant wins, he or she is not liable.

10. Stages in a Civil Action
1. Cause of action
Why is the plaintiff suing?
Must file within 2-5 years (depending) after the incident
2. Writ of Summons or Statement of Claim
Some provinces have courts that will issue a writ. This informs the defendant why they are being sued and asks for a response
Some provinces have plaintiffs complete a statement of claim, which outlines the facts supporting the civil action

11. Stages of a Civil Action...contd
3. Statement of Defense
Sets out the defendant’s version of the facts
Has days to respond (depending on province
Defendant may deny liablity
Defendant may file a counterclaim, which is an independent cause of action against the plaintiff
The amount suing for could be less, equal to, or greater than the plaintiff
Defendant can also make a third-party claim, and not only deny responsibility, but inform the court of who actually is liable (liable means legally responsible)

12. Stages of a Civil Action...contd
4. Reply
The plaintiff has the opportunity to respond to the defendant’s statement of claim
New issues that may have arisen will be discussed
5. Examination for Discovery
Both litigants (plaintiff and defendant) are able to question each other, this is usually orally and recorded, so no surprises come up in court
The information obtained can be used at trial, and can contradict testimony if a party tells a different story at the trial

13. Stages of a Civil Action...contd
6. Examination of Documents
Both sides must produce an Affidavit of Documents, which is a list of all documents that will be used as evidence in court
Failure to provide these will make the documents inadmissible in court
Privileged Documents, such as those between lawyers and their clients, do not need to be produced
7. Pretrial Conference
Litigants, their lawyers, and an unbiased judge sit down and try to come to a settlement before going to trial

14. LAST Stages of a Civil Action
Settle out of Court or
Trial Court
No defense, judge throws it out
Trivial or silly, judge throws it out
If both litigants can agree, they can settle out of court
This is encouraged, and plaintiffs can be “punished” financially for not settling out of court
Usually Judge alone (If a jury, it is 6)
Plaintiff may have to pay a “security” to ensure that court costs will be paid if they lose, this prevents silly civil suits
Defendants who lose will usually pay the court costs
Cost can be a deterrence in civil court, its $$$$!

15. Yes, you can appeal The party that appeals is the appellant
The party that responds is the respondent
Appeals can apply to mistake of facts by the judge
Appeals can apply to mistake of the law by the judge
In some provinces, you can automatically appeal
In other provinces, or when applying to the Supreme Court, you need to ask for a “leave to appeal”

16. Class Action Suits
A class action lawsuit is a single legal action that is brought forward on behalf of several people who share a common grievance.
Example: In recent years, there have been a number of lawsuits against drug manufacturers by people who claim to have suffered side effects ranging from overdoses to illness.
In this kind of situation, all the people who have suffered from a particular drug can sue the drug manufacturer together and can all be named as plaintiffs.
Class action suits put more pressure on defendants and, if successful, often result in higher settlements.

17. Remedies
In private law, compensation is usually provided in the form of damages. There are various types of damages, including:
General
Special
Punitive
Aggravated
Nominal

18. General Damages
This type of damages cannot be easily or precisely calculated and can be divided into pecuniary and non-pecuniary.
Pecuniary damages: loss of income, future earnings, and cost of specialized future care
Non-pecuniary damages: money awarded for pain and suffering and loss of enjoyment of life (much harder to calculate)
The term pecuniary means “related to money.”

19. Special & Punitive Damages
Special Damages
This type of damages is awarded for specific out-of-pocket expenses incurred before the trial.
These include hospital costs and therapy.
Punitive Damages
This type of damages is meant to punish the defendant for what is considered to be malicious behaviour.
If the defendant has already been convicted in criminal court for the offence, punitive damages are not usually awarded.

20. Aggravated & Nominal Damages
Aggravated Damages
This type of damages is awarded for mental distress and humiliation, or pain and suffering.
In Canada, there are limits to how much money a person can receive for pain and suffering. Multi-million dollar lawsuits are more common in the United States.
Nominal Damages
This type of damages is awarded as a moral victory for the plaintiff.
In these cases, the plaintiff has suffered little or no harm, but the judge agrees with his or her reasons for bringing the lawsuit forward.

21. Injunctions
An injunction is a court order that directs a person to do something OR avoid doing something for a specific period of time and can be issued as a type of civil remedy.
If ordered to do something, it is a mandatory injunction
If ordered to stop doing something, it is a prohibitory injunction
If a person served with an injunction fails to obey it, he or she may be found in contempt of court and receive a fine or jail sentence.
Examples include staying away from a certain person or limiting certain types of behaviour, such as spilling oil into a lake

22. Contingency Fees
A contingency fee is an arrangement between a lawyer and a client regarding payment.
Lawyers agree to be paid a certain agreed-upon percentage at the end of the trial or settlement but do not receive money otherwise.
Contingency fees are common in class action lawsuits or if a person cannot afford a lawyer.
The risk for lawyers is if they do not gain the verdict, they will not receive money for their services—but if they do win, they usually make more money than their standard fees.

23. Enforcing Judgments
When a plaintiff wins a case, it is the plaintiff’s responsibility to collect any damages awarded from the defendant, who must cooperate.
In order for a plaintiff to successfully claim his or her damages, a defendant’s ability to pay is analyzed. This is known as the examination of the debtor.
A defendant must have:
money
assets that can be sold for money
money owed to them that can be redirected to the plaintiff
A defendant may also have his or her wages garnished—a percentage of the defendant’s income is directed at paying the damages, similar to repaying a loan.
If a defendant’s wages are garnished, the court must leave him or her with enough money to live on and provide for any dependants he or she may have.
As a last resort, a sheriff can seize assets of the debtor, with a writ of execution, but they must prove the stuff belongs to the debtor!

24. Alternative Sources of Compensation
1. Motor Vehicle Liability Insurance
When motor vehicle claims are issued, the insurance company will pay
2. No-Fault Motor Vehicle Insurance
This insurance system provides money to victims across Canada without having to show who is at fault, since civil suits can take years
3. Worker’s Compensation
If you pay into this fund at your job, and you are hurt on the job (whether it was your fault or not), this fund will pay for your medical bills, lost wages, etc. It will not pay for “pain and suffering” though
4. Criminal Injuries Compensation
This fund provides money to people who fall victim of violent crimes, when the assailant has no assets or insurance
Must prove you were completely innocent, and had no part in any part of the crime

25. Alternative Dispute Resolution
Also known as ADR, alternative dispute resolution is designed to solve civil disputes without having a formal trial.
Advantages to ADR include:
It is less expensive and faster than going to court.
It usually creates less stress on the parties involved.
It may result in a better or fairer resolution.
It often results in an acceptable compromise that benefits both parties while avoiding the animosity of going to court.
There are three basic ADR models: negotiation, mediation, and arbitration.

26. ADR Models Negotiation: the parties involved try to resolve
their dispute directly, with or without lawyers.
Mediation: a neutral third party is brought in to
help the parties resolve their dispute; a mediator
has no actual decision-making power.
-success rate in Canada is 80-85%
Arbitration: a neutral third party is brought in to
decide the case; an arbitrator’s decisions are
binding and final.

27. ADR Cons
What are the negatives to seeking alternative dispute resolution?