2. Minerals are inorganic solids
make
Molecules
(compounds)
Atoms
(elements)
make
Minerals
make
Crystals
Minerals are inorganic solids

3. TALC
GARNET
WOLLASTONITE
PYRITE
DOLOMITE
HALITE
MICA

5. Igneous Rocks Cannot test properties of ROCKS.
Defined by environment of formation.
Igneous Rocks
Formed from cooled and solidified lava or magma.

7. Made from layers of sediments of other rocks or living organisms.
Sedimentary Rocks
Made from layers of sediments of other rocks or living organisms.

9. Metamorphic Rocks

12. Which rock-forming mineral is composed of two elements
Which rock-forming mineral is composed of two elements. One of the elements makes up 46.10% and the other makes up 5.63% of Earth’s crust by mass respectively?
1) Galena 3) Halite
2) Quartz
4) Magnetite

13. Sample D has intergrown crystals!!!!
Both Samples A and D exhibit crystals.
How are they different?
Sample D has intergrown crystals!!!!

14. Which sequence of change in rock type occurs as shale is subjected to increasing heat and pressure?
(1) shale → schist → phyllite → slate → gneiss
(2) shale → slate → phyllite → schist → gneiss
(3) shale → gneiss → phyllite → slate → schist
(4) shale → gneiss → phyllite → schist → slate

15. The data table shows the density of four different mineral samples.
Corundum has a hardness of 8 on Moh’s hardness scale. In order the hardness of these mineral’s is
(1) galena, hematite, quartz, and corundum
(2) quartz, hematite, galena, and corundum
(3) galena, corundum, quartz, and hematite
(4) galena, hematite, corundum, and quartz

16. What is a possible classification for Rock type A?
IGNEOUS
8/03

17. What is a possible classification for texture B?
NON-FOLIATED

18. What rocks may D & E refer to?
Pegmatite & Limestone (3) Hematite & Pumice
(2) Scoria & Slate (4) Dunite & Breccia

19. Which two processes lead directly to the formation of both schist and marble?
(1) melting and solidification
(2) evaporation and precipitation
(3) compaction and cementation
(4) heat and pressure

20. What is the origin of fine-grained igneous rock?
(1) lava that cooled slowly on Earth’s
surface
(2) lava that cooled quickly on Earth’s
(3) silt that settled slowly in ocean water
(4) silt that settled quickly in ocean
water

21. What is the origin and rate of formation of this rock?
The photograph
shows an
igneous rock.
What is the origin and rate of formation of this rock?
(1) plutonic with slow cooling
(2) plutonic with rapid cooling
(3) volcanic with slow cooling
(4) volcanic with rapid cooling

22. marble (3) gabbro (2) quartzite (4) slate
These strata represent ancient history. Many millions of years ago a layer of siltstone and a layer of limestone were “intruded” by a felsic magma that cooled into granite.
The granite intrusion caused metamorphism to part of the limestone.
What metamorphic rock would be found in this zone of contact
metamorphism?
marble (3) gabbro
(2) quartzite (4) slate

23. Base your answers to the questions on the flowchart, which shows a sequence of geologic processes at or near Earth’s surface. Box A has been deliberately left blank. The diagrams are not drawn to scale.
Identify the three minerals that are normally found with quartz in samples of andesite rock.
Plagioclase Feldspar
Biotite
Amphibole
Pyroxene

24. State one geologic process represented by box A.
Uplift
Weathering
Erosion

25. Siltstone Conglomerate Limestone
Identify by name one type of rock layer, other than sandstone, shown in the outcrop.
Siltstone
Conglomerate
Limestone

26. Soil that contains large quantities of calcium was most likely formed by the weathering of
(1) rock salt (3) coal
(2) quartzite
(4) limestone

27. The graph at left shows the hardness of four minerals.
Which is hard enough to scratch calcite but NOT hard enough to scratch amphibole?
(1) muscovite mica (3) olivine
(2) fluorite (4) graphite

28. Which two minerals have cleavage planes at right (90o) angles?
(1) Biotite Mica and Muscovite Mica
(2) Sulfur and Amphibole
(3) Quartz and Calcite
(4) Feldspar and Pyroxene

29. The data table shows the density of four different mineral samples.
A student accurately measured the mass of a sample of one of the four minerals to be g and its volume to be 73.6 cm3.
Which mineral sample did the student measure?
(1) corundum (3) hematite
(2) galena (4) quartz

30. (1) granite (2) rhyolite (4) basalt (3) gabbro
Which intrusive igneous rock could be composed of approximately 60% pyroxene, 25% plagioclase feldspar, 10% olivine, and % amphibole?
(1) granite
(2) rhyolite (4) basalt
(3) gabbro

31. Which igneous rock is probably best described as being
non-vesicular and mafic?
(1) andesite (3) gabbro
(2) pegmatite (4) obsidian

32. The diagram below shows four rock samples.
Which sample best shows the characteristics normally associated with igneous rocks?
(1) A (3) C
(2) B (4) D
Intergrown crystals

33. The mineral is probably composed mostly of
A geologist found a large quantity of mineral ore. The mineral exhibited fracture, was harder than glass, and had a metallic luster.
The mineral is probably composed mostly of
(1) NaCl
(3) SiO2 (4) PbS
(2) FeS2
Pyrite!

34. Some of the bedrock in Vermont’s Green Mountains is actually green in color due to the presence of the mineral chlorite. Which other mineral can cause rocks to appear green?
(1) sulfur (3) olivine
(2) magnetite (4) halite

35. Which property is most useful in distinguishing pyroxene from amphibole?
(1) sample size (3) type of luster
(2) hardness (4) angles of cleavage

36. The minerals in the table are varieties of which mineral?
The table below shows some properties of four different minerals.
The minerals in the table are varieties of which mineral?
(1) garnet (3) quartz
(2) magnetite (4) olivine

37. (2) Talc, Pyrite, & Muscovite
Which three minerals contain high concentrations of the element Calcium (Ca)?
(1) Sulfur, Fluorite, & Plagioclase
(2) Talc, Pyrite, & Muscovite
(4) Potassium Feldspar, Halite, & Garnet
(3) Calcite, Amphibole, & Dolomite

38. Which rock will be created in the contact metamorphic zone here?
A series of layers (strata) of sedimentary rock have been deposited over millions of years, as shown in the diagram to the right.
If magma pushes its way to the surface, and heats rocks along the way, many of these rocks will melt. The rest will not melt however, and will instead undergo a contact metamorphism.
How about here?
Quartzite!
Which rock will be created in the contact metamorphic zone here?
Marble!

39. 300°C and 6000 atmospheres 600°C and 4000 atmospheres
Under which crustal temperature and pressure conditions will andalusite form?
300°C and atmospheres
600°C and 4000 atmospheres
(3) 500°C and 2000 atmospheres
(4) 700°C and 8000 atmospheres

40. Which graph correctly represents the three most abundant elements, by mass, in Earth’s crust?

41. Rocks cannot be identified by physical properties like minerals can
Rocks cannot be identified by physical properties like minerals can. This is principally due to
1) The variety of minerals of differing properties that make them
2) The difference between the hardness of their forms
3) Their lack of properties
4) The manner in which their environment of formation effects them

42. Which processes formed the igneous rock granite that is mined in Vermont?
(1) compaction and cementation of sediments
(2) cooling and solidification of magma
(3) uplift and weathering of bedrock
(4) application of heat and pressure to shale

43. Which rock was organically formed and sometimes contains fossilized plant impressions?
(1) rock gypsum (3) breccia
(2) phyllite (4) coal

44. light-colored metamorphic fine-grained igneous
In addition to ash,
solid rock formed on
Mt. Hekla from the
lava extruded during
an eruption. This
rock is most likely
Mt. Hekla
light-colored metamorphic
fine-grained igneous
(3) dark-colored metamorphic
(4) coarse-grained igneous

45. Which table shows the rocks correctly classified by texture?
Base your answer on the drawings of six sedimentary rocks labeled A through F.
Which table shows the rocks correctly classified by texture?

46. Think you’ve got it?
What is the approximate % of Plagioclase Feldspar in a typical Andesite?

48. ID the mineral by following these steps:
Record the name of the mineral property being tested.
Record the result of each property test.
“Key” the mineral out with the key below.

49. Hardness result

50. Luster result

51. Fracture/Cleavage result

52. Streak result

53. Click me to see video of it!
Correct Symbol? 3

54. Rock outcrop 1 contains 4 strata of sedimentary rock
Rock outcrop 1 contains 4 strata of sedimentary rock. Which strata is composed of sediments that are 0.08 cm?
1 (2) 2
(3) 3 (4) 4

58. The minerals talc, muscovite mica, quartz, and olivine are similar because they
(1) have the same hardness
(2) are the same color
(3) contain silicon and oxygen
(4) break along cleavage planes

59. Mineral A is most likely
The diagram represents a sample of mineral A.
Mineral A is most likely
(1) garnet (3) olivine
(2) galena (4) halite

60. Which mineral can scratch A, B, and C, but can not scratch D ?
(1) talc (3) fluorite
(2) selenite gypsum (4) quartz

61. The most abundant metallic element by mass in
Earth’s crust makes up 8.23% of the crust.
Which group of minerals all normally contain
this metallic element in their compositions?
(1) garnet, calcite, pyrite, and galena
(2) biotite mica, muscovite mica, fluorite, & halite
(3) talc, quartz, graphite, & olivine
(4) plagioclase feldspar, amphibole, pyroxene,
& potassium feldspar

62. These strata may all be classified as 1) Igneous 3) Metamorphic
2) Sedimentary 4) Felsic
Rock outcrops I and II each show three strata of rock, some of which contain fossils.
Which outcrop contains a strata rich in calcite?
1) I 3) Both I and II
2) II 4) neither
The difference between the three strata in outcrop II is
1) density 3) fragment sizes
2) color 4) mineral composition