1. 4.1 Energy & Mineral Resources
Earth’s Resources
4.1 Energy & Mineral Resources
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2. Earth’s Resources
Mineral Resources – look back at the mineral lab table of uses.
Energy Resources - power our lives (warming and lighting our homes, fueling our cars, etc.)
Two categories of resources – Renewable and Nonrenewable

3. Renewable vs. Nonrenewable
Replenished over a short period of time
Ex:
Plants and animals for food
Fibers for clothing
Trees for lumber / paper
Wind
Solar
Water
Takes millions of years to form
Ex:
Fossil Fuels:
Coal
Oil (petroleum)
Natural gas
Uranium (nuclear power)
Minerals like gold, copper, galena, etc.

4. Formation of Fossil Fuels
A fossil fuel is a carbon-containing fuel that formed over millions of years from the remains of living things
Oil & Natural Gas: remains of buried marine organisms
Coal: ancient plant material transformed from heat and pressure

5. How is Coal Formed?
300 MYA fern forests & tropical swamps covered the eastern U.S.
The warm climate caused rapid plant growth and created thick beds of decomposing plants.
This material became buried by soil and water and compressed over millions of years eventually becoming the underground coal deposits in the mountains of PA.

6. How is Coal Formed?
Coal starts as peat formed in swamps – when dried it burns but smoky.
Peat can be buried & compressed into lignite.
Most of the lignite in the U.S. has been changed over a long time into bituminous coal (soft coal – sedimentary rock) – most common coal type
Under great pressure, such as from mountain building, bituminous coal becomes anthracite coal (hard coal – metamorphic rock) – Most anthracite in the U.S. is found in PA

7. Mineral Resources
Ore – material that a useful mineral can be mined from for profit. Ex: pyrite, magnetite, galena,
calcite, & chalcopyrite
The amount of minerals in the Earth’s crust is small & spread across the globe on the surface and deep within the crust

9. Mining & Drilling for Resources

10. The method used to reach mineral deposits depends on how deep it is from the surface:

11. Surface Mining Types: open pits, surface coal mines, and quarries
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12. PA Quarries Bucks Co. Quarries
PA is among the top 10 producers in the country of crushed stone and aggregate (a hard granular substance used in concrete, mortar, plaster and blacktop)
Bucks produces the most stone of any county in PA
There is no special rock in Bucks County, there is just a big market for it due to road and housing construction in southeastern PA.
Bucks is home to 21 active quarries

13. World Diamond Mines

14. Ekita Diamond Mine in Canada

15. Mirny, Russia, East Siberia
The biggest open diamond mine in the world m deep (almost 6 football fields deep), 1200 meter diameter. The air zone within this mine is closed for helicopters - happened a few accidents when they were "sucked in" by downward air flow...

16. Fort Knox Gold Mine

17. Subsurface Mining
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18. Mining Machines

19. Hydraulic Fracturing (“Fracking”)
/news/uk
Very controversial with pros and cons
New technology with limited studies

21. Harmful Effects of Mining & Drilling
Water Pollution
Soil erosion
Habitat Destruction and loss of species
Accidents and health hazards for workers
Earthquakes

22. Harmful Effects of Mining

23. Solutions? Following 3 R’s conserves our natural resources
Local & State governments and agencies monitor mining companies and fine them for harmful practices
From the PA Department of Environmental Protection: “Pennsylvania has approximately 180,000 acres of abandoned mine sites in need of remediation, and our aggressive program is reclaiming these sites to eliminate harmful acid mine drainage, protect our waterways and return the land to its original condition.”
Mine Reclamation – required by law since the 1970’s

24. Mine Reclamation

25. “Fire in the Hole” Article

26. What do you think happened to this PA coal mining town?
Centralia

27. Article Discussion
Share with your sink group what confused you about the article.
Each person in your sink group picks ONE of the following questions from the article to answer: (Write your answer at the bottom of the reflection)
What was the cause of the mining disaster near Centralia?
List TWO of the effects from the mining disaster.
List TWO of the attempted solutions to fix the mining disaster.
Explain the final solution to deal with the mining disaster.

28. CENTRALIA, PA
This story begins in May of with an unremarkable rubbish fire in a non-descript little town called Centralia.
Centralia is 120 miles northwest of Philadelphia
The town had long been a thriving coal mining community, home to 1,100 people, many of them second and third generation miners.

31. Main Points (Fire in the Hole)
What was the cause of the mining disaster near Centralia?
List TWO of the effects from the mining disaster.
List TWO of the attempted solutions to fix the mining disaster.
Explain the final solution to deal with the mining disaster.

32. Show Centralia Video (first 10:45)

41. Fire in the Hole – Discussion
How do you think a resident of Centralia must have felt when they first found out about the mine disaster?
Would you have moved to a new town or stayed? If you would have moved, at what point would you have moved? Explain your reasons for staying or moving.