1. (1) Division and differentiation in human cells
(F) Cancer Cells
(A) Somatic cells
Human Cells
(E) Uses of stem cells
(B) Differentiation in cells
(D) Germline cells
(C) Stem cells

2. Division and differentiation in human cells (C)
State the 2 types of stem cells
Define what a stem cell is
Define the terms ‘multipotent’ and ‘pluripotent’
State which type of stem cell is ‘multipotent’ and which is ‘pluripotent’
State 3 things adult stem cells are involved in
State what is meant by a ‘blastocyst’

3. Think / pair / share What do you already know about stem cells?
Re-cap
Think / pair / share
What do you already know about stem cells?
What is a stem cell?
What are some different types of stem cells?
What is the purpose of stem cell research?
What are some ways that stem cells have been successfully used in medicine?
What are some of the issues in stem cell research?
What are some of the misconceptions that people have about stem cell research?

4. Watch me  animation of blood cell differentiation
detailed intro to stem cells (4 mins)
basic intro to stem cells (4 mins)

5. Stem Cells EMBRYONIC TISSUE (ADULT)
Stem cells are unspecialised somatic cells that can divide to make copies of themselves (self-renew) and/or differentiate into specialised cells.
The 2 types of stem cells are:
EMBRYONIC
TISSUE (ADULT)

6. Tissue (Adult) stem cells
Adult or tissue stem cells are found in small numbers in the tissues and organs of adults and children, including the brain, bone marrow, skeletal muscle and skin.
These cells give rise to a much more limited range of cell types and will tend to develop into cell types that are closely related to the tissue in which they are found.
These cells replenish differentiated cells that need replaced in the tissues in which they are found.

7. Tissue (Adult) stem cells
Tissue (adult) stem cells are involved in the growth, repair and renewal of the cells found in that tissue.
They are multipotent.
Tissue stem cells are multipotent as they can make all of the cell types found in a particular tissue type.
For example, blood (haematopoietic) stem cells can make all of the cell types in the blood.

8. Development of tissue (adult) stem cells in bone marrow into red blood cells, platelets and the various forms of phagocytes and lymphocytes.
(see figure 1.4 on page 4)

9. Embryonic stem cells
Embryonic stem cells are derived from an embryo about 4–5 days old (bastocyst).
These cells have the ability to differentiate into all of the cell types that make up an organism.

10. Embryonic stem cells
The cells of the early embryo can make all of the differentiated cell types of the body.
When grown in the lab scientists call these embryonic stem cells.
They are pluripotent.
The inner cell mass cells of an early embryo (blastocyst stage) are pluripotent as they can make nearly all of the cell types in the body. These cells can self-renew, under the right conditions, in the lab. It is then, they are termed embryonic stem cells.

11. Embryonic stem cells

12. Other types of stem cells
Stem cells can also be taken from the umbilical cord of new babies.
Like adult stem cells, these cells can differentiate into a limited range of specialised cells.

13. Incredible research… Induced pluripotent stem cells
Induced pluripotent stem cells are adult cells that have been genetically reprogrammed to an embryonic stem cell-like state.
First video is method used by Gurdon and Yamanaka
Second Video is an interview with Gurdon

14. Extended Answer Question!
Give an account of cell differentiation under the following headings.
(i) Stem cells; 4marks
(ii) Somatic cells; 4marks

15. Give an account of cell differentiation under the following headings:
Give an account of cell differentiation under the following headings: (i) Stem cells
1. Differentiation occurs when unspecialised cells become specialised (to perform a specific function)
2 Stem cells are unspecialised cells that can (divide to) form more stem cells
3 Embryonic stem cells can differentiate / develop into all / any cell types
4 Tissue / adult stem cells give rise to a more limited range of / fewer cell types
Example given such as stem cells in the (red) bone marrow only produce blood cells / named blood cells
6 A differentiated cell only has a few genes switched on / produces specific proteins marks

16. (ii) Somatic cells
7 Somatic cells form different types of body tissues
8 One example of a somatic cell and the tissue formed from it
9 Two more examples of somatic cells or two more of the tissues formed
Examples include –
a. epithelial cells form lining tissue of body cavities / surface
b. blood/bone/cartilage cells forming connective tissue
c. muscle cells forming muscle tissue
d. nerve cells forming nervous tissue
10 Body organs are formed from a variety/mixture of these tissues
11 (The nucleus of a) somatic cell divides by mitosis (to maintain the diploid chromosome number) marks