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LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS MEXICO PART 3: EARTHQUAKES

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Presentation on theme: "LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS MEXICO PART 3: EARTHQUAKES"— Presentation transcript:

1 LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS MEXICO PART 3: EARTHQUAKES
More lectures at Disasters Supercourse -  Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA 

2 MEXICO

3 NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN MEXICO
FLOODS GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES STORMS HIGH BENEFIT/COST FROM BECOMING DISASTER NRESILIENT EARTHQUAKES DUST STORMS ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

4 Natural Phenomena That Cause Disasters
Planet Earth’s heat flow causes movement of lithospheric plates, which causes faulting, which causes EARTH-QUAKES

5 ACKNOWLEDGMENT: Information in this file is based on experiences shared by Mexican ministries, universities, and officials with neighboring countries and others.

6 EARTHQUAKES DEFINE PLATE BOUNDARIES: PACIFIC, EURASIAN, NA, SA, NASCA, CARIBBEAN, COCOS, AND PHILIPPINES PLATES

7 FAULTS: COCOS PLATE SUBDUCTION ZONE

8 Mexico has a long historical record of earthquakes

9 CAUSE OF SEISMICITY The interaction of the Cocos and North American plates is the main factor behind the seismicity of Mexico.

10 ELEMENTS OF RISK AND DISASTER

11 ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE RISK
HAZARDS EXPOSURE RISK VULNERABILITY LOCATION

12 SEISMICITY TECTONIC SETTING & FAULTS EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MODEL

13

14 FAULTS: COCOS PLATE SUBDUCTION ZONE

15 IMPORTANCE AND VALUE OF STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS
LOCATION OF STRUCTURE IMPORTANCE AND VALUE OF STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS EXPOSURE MODEL

16 EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS (the potential disaster agents)
SURFACE FAULT RUPTURE, GROUND SHAKING, GROUND FAILURE (LIQUEFACTION, LANDSLIDES), AFTERSHOCKS

17 TSUNAMI FAULT RUPTURE TECTONIC DEFORMATION DAMAGE/LOSS
FOUNDATION FAILURE EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE/ LOSS SITE AMPLIFICATION DAMAGE/ LOSS GROUND SHAKING LIQUEFACTION DAMAGE/ LOSS DAMAGE/LOSS LANDSLIDES DAMAGE/ LOSS AFTERSHOCKS DAMAGE/ LOSS SEICHE DAMAGE/ LOSS

18 GROUND SHAKING

19 GTOUND SHAKING HAZARD

20 QUALITY OF DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
ADEQUACY OF LATERAL-FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM VULNERABILITY MODEL

21 UNREINFORCED MASONRY, BRICK OR STONE
REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH UNREINFORCED WALLS CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO GROUND SHAKING 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 MEAN DAMAGE RATIO, % OF REPLACEMENT VALUE REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH REINFORCEDWALLS STEEL FRAME ALL METAL & WOOD FRAME V VI VII VIII IX INTENSITY

22 INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
CAUSES OF DAMAGE INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND FAILURE) IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN EARTHQUAKES “DISASTER LABORATORIES” FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS INATTENTION TO NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

23 A DISASTER CAN HAPPEN WHEN THE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF AN EARTHQUAKE INTERACT WITH MEXICO’S COMMUNITIES (INCLUDING THE CAPITAL)

24 A DISASTER is --- --- the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community to respond without external help  when three continuums: 1)  people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e.g., earthquakes, floods,…) intersect at a point in space and time.

25 Disasters are caused by single- or multiple-event natural hazards that, (for various reasons), cause extreme levels of mortality, morbidity, homelessness, joblessness, economic losses, or environmental impacts.

26 THE REASONS ARE . . . When it does happen, the functions of the community’s buildings and infrastructure will be LOST because they are UNPROTECTED with the appropriate codes and standards.

27 THE REASONS ARE . . . The community is UN-PREPARED for what will likely happen, not to mention the low-probability of occurrence—high-probability of adverse consequences event.

28 THE REASONS ARE . . . The community has NO DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO or WARNING SYSTEM in place as a strategic framework for early threat identification and coordinated local, national, regional, and international countermeasures.

29 THE REASONS ARE . . . The community LACKS THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND in a timely and effective manner to the full spectrum of expected and unexpected emergency situations.

30 THE REASONS ARE . . . The community is INEFFICIENT during recovery and reconstruction because it HAS NOT LEARNED from either the current experience or the cumulative prior experiences.

31 EXAMPLES OF PAST EARTHQUAKE DISASTERS
THE MEXICO CITY EARTHQUAKE M8.1 7:19 AM, SEPTEMBER 19, 1985

32 1985 MEXICO EARTHQUAKE SEPTEMBER 19, 1985 M8.1 A SUBDUCTION ZONE QUAKE
ALTHOUGH LARGER THAN USUAL, THE EARTHQUAKE WAS NOT A “SURPRISE” A MODERN BUILDING CODE ADOPTED AND IMPLEMENTED BEFORE THE EARTHQUAKE WAS INADEQUATE

33 1985 MEXICO EARTHQUAKE EPICENTER LOCATED 240 KM FROM MEXICO CITY
412 BUILDINGS COLLAPSED IN OLD LAKE BED ZONE OF MEXICO CITY 2 SECOND PERIOD SOIL-STRUCTURE RESONANCE IN OLD LAKE BED ZONE WAS A MAJOR FACTOR IN COLLAPSES

34 1985 MEXICO EARTHQUAKE: SOIL AMPLIFICATION

35 COLLAPSE OF CRITICAL STRUCTURES--HOSPITALS

36 COLLAPSE: ESSENTIAL STRUCTURES--SCHOOLS

37 STEEL FRAME BUILDINGS

38 POUNDING

39 NUEVA LEON APARTMENT BUILDINGS

40 SEARCH AND RESCUE

41 SEARCH AND RESCUE

42 TELECOMMUNICATIONS (SCT)

43 RAILROAD TRACKS

44 IMPACTS Although the epicenter was located far from Mexico city, the soft soil of the old lake bed the city is sited on amplified the ground shaking in Mexico City, damaging 3,124 buildings, collapsing 412 of them and killing between 10,000 – 40,000 people.

45 IMPACTS The economic loss was between $3-4 billion.

46 LARGE MAGNITUDE EARTHQUAKES IN MEXICO ARE INEVITABLE
---SO, DON’T WAIT FOR ANOTHER REMINDER OF THE IMPORTANCE OF BECOMING EARTHQUAKE DIS-ASTER RESILIENT.

47 THE ALTERNATIVE TO AN EARTHQUAKE DISASTER IS EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE

48 EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE
EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS INVENTORY VULNERABILITY LOCATION EARTHQUAKE RISK ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK RISK EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE DATA BASES AND INFORMATION MEXICO’S COMMUNITIES PREPAREDNESS PROTECTION FORECASTS/SCENARIOS EMERGENCY RESPONSE RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION POLICY OPTIONS HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS

49 LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL EARTHQUAKES PREPAREDNESS FOR ALL OF THE LIKELY AND UNLIKELY HAZARDS AND RISKS IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

50 LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL EARTHQUAKES PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS AND INFRASTRUCTURE AGAINST COLLAPSE AND LOSS OF FUNCTION IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

51 LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL EARTHQUAKES TECHNOLOGIES THAT FACILITATE PREPARATION OF DISASTER SCENARIOS ARE ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

52 LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL EARTHQUAKES TIMELY EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

53 STRATEGIC COLLABORATION (I. E
STRATEGIC COLLABORATION (I.E., WORKING TOGETHER ON A COMMON GOAL) FOR BECOMING EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENT

54 QUESTION WHAT DOES A CITY OR A MEGACITY DO TO MAKE ITS BUILDINGS LESS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES?

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