1. Introduction to Immunology
Lesson 4-1
Introduction
to Immunology

2. Overview Immunology in the laboratory The immune system
Cells, tissues, organs
Humoral versus cell-mediated immunity

3. Overview
Immunoglobulins
Diseases
Immunological tests
Types
Principles

4. Immunology Study of the immune system
Began as study of infectious diseases
Immune system fundamental to good health
Immune system can also cause disease
Allergies
Autoimmune diseases

5. Immunological-Based Assays
Used in all laboratory departments
Disease diagnosis
Identify microorganisms
Type blood and tissue
Identify cells
Detect nonimmunological analytes
Evaluate immune function

6. The Immune System Complex – many components
Natural resistance (nonspecific)
Physical barriers
Secretions
Phagocytes
Inflammation
Natural biochemicals

7. The Immune System
Inflammation

8. The Immune System Specific immunity Recognition Specificity
Memory – anamnestic response

9. Cells, Tissues, and Organs
T and B lymphocytes
Primary lymphoid organs
Bone marrow
Thymus
Secondary lymphoid tissue
Spleen
Lymph nodes
Tonsils
See Table 4-1

10. Humoral Immunity B lymphocytes Plasma cells Antibodies
Effective against toxins and most bacteria
See Table 4-2

11. Cell-Mediated Immunity
T lymphocytes
Macrophages
Cytokines/lymphokines
Effective against
Viruses
Intracellular organisms
Tumor cells
See Table 4-2

12. Cell-Mediated Immunity
Subsets of T lymphocytes
CD4+ (helper cells)
CD8+ (cytotoxic cells)
HIV destroys CD4+ cells

13. Immunoglobulins Structure and function Epitope-binding sites
Heavy and light chains

14. Immunoglobulins
Structure and function
Fragments
Fab Fc

15. Immunoglobulins
Classes
IgG
IgM
IgA
IgD and IgE
See Table 4-3

16. Immunoglobulins
Primary and secondary responses
IgM
IgG

17. Diseases of Immune System
Allergies
Autoimmune diseases
Inherited or congenital problems
Malignancies
Lymphoma
Leukemia
See Table 4-4

18. Immunological Tests Tests of immune function
Tests based on Ag–Ab reactions
Polyclonal antibodies
Monoclonal antibodies
Test sensitivity and specificity
Qualitative, semi-quantitative, quantitative
See Table 4-5

19. Principles of Ag–Ab Tests
Agglutination
Ab + particulate Ag

20. Principles of Ag–Ab Tests
Precipitation
Ab + soluble Ag

21. Principles of Ag–Ab Tests
Agar precipitation

22. Principles of Ag–Ab Tests
Nephelometry

23. Principles of Ag–Ab Tests
Labeled antibody techniques
Enzyme immunoassays
Membrane immunoassays
Immunofluorescence
Chemiluminescence
Protein immunoblotting
Flow cytometry

24. Principles of Ag–Ab Tests
Comparison of EIA, Chemiluminescence
and IF techniques

25. Principles of Ag–Ab Tests
Membrane immunoassays
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