1. A basic tutorial for fundamental concepts
Intro to Programming
A basic tutorial for fundamental concepts

2. Programming as Logic
How programming is relatable to everyday logic

3. Math!
Most of programming is applying simple math to difficult problems. You don't even necessarily need higher-level math like calculus. 
Think about making a pyramid from 1 to 100 steps: all you have to do is count to 100, and make a column that's x high for each number you count. When you get to 100, do it again, just counting down.
100...
2... 2 1

4. Variables & Functions
Programming boils down to two important concepts: variables and functions. Exactly as in math, functions are structures that take in some value and return another. For example:
f(x) = 2x
Variables are what you pass to functions as arguments. 'x' is an argument, and you might give a function more than one:
If you want to remember the output of a function, you might instantiate, or create, a new variable:
f(x, z) = x*z
The function would return one number, and x and z won't change.​​
y = f(x, z)​

5. Not Just Numbers
Of course, not everything in programming is a number. What about letters? Words? 'Yes' and 'no'? They all have special names, because they're all types of information, and ways to use them:
Whenever you declare a variable, you need to specify its type:
Name
Type
Examples
Integer (number)
int, long
1, 0, 100, -100,
Floating point (number)
float, double
1.0, 0.0, -1.0,
Character (letter)
char, chr
a, B, $, %, }, '0', '1', … 
String (word, sentence)
String, string, str
"Hello", "Goodbye", …
Boolean (yes or no)
boolean, bool
true, false
double y = f(x, z)

6. Comparing Things
When you want to relate one variable to another, you would use a comparison. We use many types of comparisons in everyday language, and programming translates them into symbols. The result is a boolean true or false.
Comparison
Example
Less than
x < y
Greater than
x > y
Less than (or equal to)
x <= y
Greater than (or equal to)
x >= y
Equal to
x == y
Not equal to
x != y

7. Checking Conditions
Say you only want to perform a task if a certain comparison is true or false – a condition. You would use what's called an if-then-else block, which runs certain code based on one or many conditions:
if (x == y) {
     // run code for when x is equal to y
} else {
     // run code for when x is not equal to y }

8. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
A well-defined structure for how programming languages work

9. The Real World in Code
Think about the room around you. There are pieces of furniture, light fixtures, paintings, tile, carpet or rugs, a door, probably a window or two – none of which are numbers, letters, words, or booleans. So how do you make one in code?
Anything that isn't a fundamental type, like numbers and booleans, can be defined as a object with many fields (or properties) that are themselves fundamental types: dimensions, mass, color, material...
wood
2x2 ft
4 legs

10. Everything is an Object
With this idea in mind, let's make everything an object. We can even wrap fundamental types into objects, like Integer, Double, and Character, with a fundamental type called 'value' or 'state' to keep track of the actual number. Then, we can use fundamental types as if they're objects. We'll see why this is important later. 1
0.3
Object: Integer
Object: Double
Object: Chair

11. Family Trees
What if we want to separate chairs into wooden and metal chairs to give them different properties? We might give a wooden chair a property for what type of wood it is, and a similar property for a metal chair for what type of metal it is.
Chair
We can do this by extending the Chair class – making a child, with Chair as the parent, so that each has the same properties of a Chair, with their own special properties too.
WoodenChair
MetalChair