1. CONDITIONAL STRUCTURES Batx 2

2. REAL UNREAL 0 IF + present , present 1 IF + present, will + inf
when
can
may
might
could
IF + past tense, would+ inf
could + inf/might + inf
3 IF + past perf., would have+ pp
could have
might have

3. Mixed Conditionals

4. Which type?
If I had studied harder, I would be at University. If I had gotten that job, I would be starting tomorrow. If I lived in England, I would have gone to the London Olympics.
Past cause
Present result
Past cause
Future result
Present cause
Past result

5. Past - Present Most often, the past is with TYPE 2
If I had studied harder, I would be at University. If he had been to Cyprus, he would know that they drive on the left. If she had known English better, she would have that job. If he had won the lottery, he would be rich.
Most often, the past is with TYPE 2
because mixed are usually about something TOO LATE!

6. Past - Future
If she had had the money, she would be joining us for the ski trip. If I had been born in England, I wouldn’t have to go to the consulate next week. If they hadn’t challenged the decision, I wouldn’t have to go to court.

7. Present - Past
If I spoke French, I would have applied for the exchange program. If I didn’t have to work such long hours, I would have signed up for that photography course. If I *were a gardener, I would have bought a house with a garden.

8. Examples If I had woken up early, I wouldn’t take a taxi.
Present
I wouldn’t have to stand in the line this afternoon.
Future
If I had listened to my mom,
Present
Future
I would be happy in my marriage.
I wouldn’t have to go on a blind date tonight.

9. Wishes: “wish” vs “if only”
wish/if only past simple different in the present
I wish I had a hat.
If only I had a hat.
wish/if only past perfect: sorry about the past
I wish I hadn’t said no.
If only I hadn’t said no.
wish/if only would + S + inf. polite request to change
I wish you would be quiet.
If only you would be quiet.

10. I wish / If only + past simple
Stative verbs such as be, know, like and understand are used.
Ex. If only he were more responsible.
I wish I didn’t have to go to work tomorrow.

11. Notes “If only” is stronger and more dramatic
After “I” and “we”, we can use could instead of would
Ex. I wish I could go home.
Ex. I wish you could go home.
Ex. I wish I could go to Paris next summer.
You can use “were” instead of “was
e.g. If only he weren’t so shy.

12. giving advice & preference
Giving advice: had better + infinitive
You’d/ had better throw it in the trash
He’d/ had better wait for me.
Expressing preference: would rather
I would rather eat dirt!
I would rather take her to a movie.
“would rather” vs “prefer” “would rather” is to contrast
I prefer eating bananas.
I would rather eat bananas (than…)
Can’t use in
past tense
should/ought to
had better
must

13. Hope
If there is a real possibility that the action will happen, we use hope + present
+ future tense
Ex. I hope it doesn’t rain this weekend

14. Would rather/ would sooner
To express preferences about other people’s actions:
Would rather/ sooner + past simple
+past continuous
Ex. I’d rather you didn’t wear that.
Ex. I’d sooner go hungry that eat that!