1. Cognition - Mental activity associated with processing,
understanding, and communicating information.
Cognitive Psychologists: Psychologists who study thinking

2. Luxury, Mid-size, Economy
CONCEPTS
TRANSPORTATION
Mental Groupings
Prototypes
Cars, Bicycles, Boats
Toyota Camry
Hierarchies
Luxury, Mid-size, Economy

3. Problem Solving Trial & Error Algorithm Insight Heuristics
Methodical, step-by-step procedure.
Wrong, wrong, wrong…Got It!
Problem
Solving
Insight
Heuristics
A-ha! The answer just came to me!
Simple rule of thumb strategies.

4. Obstacles to problem solving, decision-making, and forming judgments
Fixation
Inability to see problem
from a fresh perspective.
Functional
Fixedness
Mental Set
Stress/Tension
Some stress is helpful, but too
much can hinder clear thinking.

5. Obstacles to problem solving, decision-making, and forming judgments
Representative
Heuristic
Judge the likelihood of events based on
how well they match a prototype.
Availability
Heuristic
Judge the likelihood of events on how
available the event is in our memory.
Influenced by media.

6. Representative Heuristic
Linda is 31, single, outspoken, and very bright. She majored in philosophy in college. As a student, she was deeply concerned with discrimination and other social issues, and she participated in antinuclear demonstrations. Which statement is more likely?
Linda is a bank teller.
Linda is a bank teller and active in the feminist movement.

7. The Availability Heuristic
Consider the letter K.
Is K more likely to appear in:
The first position of a word?
The third position of a word?

8. The Availability Heuristic
It is a lot easier to think of words which start with the letter K than of words where K is in the third position.
However, a typical selection of text contains twice as many words in which K is in the third position than words which start with K.

9. Obstacles to problem solving, decision-making, and forming judgments
Overconfidence
Overestimate the accuracy of our knowledge and judgments
Framing
The way an issue or question is posed can
influence judgment and decisions
Belief Bias
Pre-existing beliefs will cloud logical reasoning.

10. Obstacles to problem solving, decision-making, and forming judgments
Confirmation Bias
Tendency to search for information
that confirms one’s beliefs
Changing a hypothesis requires greater cognitive effort than maintaining the same hypothesis
Harder to deal with negative information than positive information
Self-fulfilling prophecy (experimenter manipulating data)

11. Language
lan·guage (l ng gw j) n.
Communication of thoughts and feelings through a system of arbitrary signals, such as voice sounds, gestures, or written symbols.
Such a system including its rules for combining its components, such as words.
Such a system as used by a nation, people, or other distinct community; often contrasted with dialect.
A system of signs, symbols, gestures, or rules used in communicating: the language of algebra.
Computer Science. A system of symbols and rules used for communication with or between computers.
[Middle English, from Old French language, from langue, tongue, language, from Latin lingua.

12. Language - Some common characteristics
Semanticity-sounds of human language convey meaning.
Arbitrariness-no connection between symbols and meanings. Dog has no resemblance to a 4-legged creature.
Flexibility of symbols-language is changeable and “inventable.”
Naming-we assign names to all objects, feelings, emotions, ideas, concepts. Imagine this sentence 50 years ago: “I am word processing on my personal computer.”
Displacement-can talk about past, present, future.
Productivity-new sentences are generated, not repeated.

13. The sounds of a languagesh
PHONEMES g ch f oo
The sounds of a language

14. Morpheme
- The smallest unit of language that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word.
UNDESIRABLES UN
DESIR
ABLE S

15. Grammar - System of rules for a language
Language Structure
Grammar - System of rules for a language
Semantics - Rules used to derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences.
Syntax - Rules used to order words into sentences.

16. The steps to language development
Complete Sentences - 2yrs.+
Telegraphic Speech - 2 yrs.
Two-word stage - 2 years
One-word stage - one year
Babbling Stage - 3/4 months

17. Inborn or Blank Slate? Universal grammar Made-up languages
Learn whatever we hear
Rate of learning
CHOMSKY
Computer’s ability to learn past tense verbs
Associations, imitation, reinforcement
SKINNER

18. How Did You Learn All Those
Language Development
How Many Words Do You Know?
Average High School Grad Knows ~ 80,000 words
Schools teach approx 200 words per year
BUT
You learned approx 5,000 words per year!
How Did You Learn All Those
Other Words?!?

19. The importance of age on language acquisition.
CRITICAL PERIODS
Case Study – Genie
The importance of age on language acquisition.

20. Animals communicate, but do they use language?
Bees: Intricate dancing communicates locations.
Apes/Chimpanzees: Signing and pushing buttons on a computer, word strings, make requests.
Apes: Inability to use proper syntax.

21. = Language Influencing Thinking Expand Vocabulary
Linguistic Determinism: Benjamin Whorf’s hypothesis that language shapes a man’s ideas.
Expand Vocabulary
Expand Thinking Power =

22. Thinking without language
Thinking in images
Invention of new words
Visualization techniques
THINKING
LANGUAGE