1. Blood

2. Blood Characteristics
Blood is:
55% liquid (plasma)
45% formed elements (blood cells)

3. Volume of Blood in the Body
Male: 5-6 liters (quarts) of blood.
Female: 4-5 liters (quarts) of blood.

4. Blood CharacteristicspH
7.35 – 7.45
Temperature
100.4 degrees F
Thicker than water
Blood is more viscous than water

5. Color of Blood Blood is bright, scarlet red when oxygenated
Blood is dark red when deoxygenated
Is blood ever blue?

6. Blood Functions
Transportation..
Regulation...
Protection...

7. What's in a drop of blood?

8. Two components of blood:
Plasma = liquid component 55%
Formed Elements = blood cells 45%

9. Water, solutes, amino acids, nutrients, hormones, waste products
Plasma
Water, solutes, amino acids, nutrients, hormones, waste products

10. Plasma Proteins Albumins – made in the liver
Globulins (antibodies, thyroglobulin)
Clotting proteins (fibrinogen)

11. Formed Elements Red blood cells – most common Platelets
White blood cells – least common
Notice in the next slide, there is no plasma (has evaporated). But, you should be able to identify the three types of formed elements.

12. Blood Smear

13. Erythrocytes Shaped like a biconcave disk Flexible
Make ATP anaerobically

14. Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)‏
Function: transport oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood stream.

15. Hematocrit Hematocrit = Ht or HCT
Measures the proportion of blood volume occupied by red blood cells.
Normal Value = 45% on average
Males: 48%
Females: 38%

16. Hematocrit

17. Hemoglobin (Hb) structure

18. Hemoglobin Structure Quarternary structure protein
Composed of two proteins
1. Globin (4 total polypeptide chains)
a. 2 alpha (α) polypeptide chains
b. 2 beta (β) polypeptide chains
2. Heme Groups (4 total)

19. Formation of Oxyhemoglobin
Oxyhemoglobin is bright red (OxyHb)‏
Forms when oxygen binds hemoglobin
Deoxyhemoglobin is dark red
Forms when oxygen unbinds from Hb
Carbon dioxide can also bind to hemoglobin

20. Oxyhemoglobin and Deoxyhemoglobin

21. Erythrocytes (RBC) Normal RBC count in blood:
4 - 6 million per cubic millimeter (mm3) of blood
Life span for RBC: 120 days
Where do RBC go when they die?

22. Recycling RBCs Iron – makes new RBC Heme – becomes bile
Globin chains – reused to make new proteins

23. Hematopoesis Process of blood cell formation (all cell types)
WBCs
RBCs
Platelets
Occurs in red marrow of bones
Hemocytoblast is a stem cell that gives rise to all formed elements

25. EPO (Erythropoietin) Stimulus? Low oxygen in the kidneys
Kidneys release EPO
EPO targets the red bone marrow
Bone marrow increases RBC production

26. Erythropoiesis Process of making erythrocytes Time line: 15 days
Immature reticulocytes are in circulation but do not transport gases
Reticulocytes are measured to see capability of blood to transport gases

27. To make RBCs, we need:
Iron
Vitamin B12
Folic acid (another B vitamin)

28. What stimulates the release of erythropoietin (EPO)?
Low blood volume
Low blood sodium
Low blood oxygen
High blood glucose
High blood potassium

29. Leukocytes Fight infection, form antibodies
Anatomy – nucleus, organelles and may or may not have granules
Travel by diapedesis
Normal blood count
6,000 to 9,000 per cubic millimeter (mm3)
Life span – hours to days

30. Leukocytes (WBC)
Two groups based on presence or absence of granules in the cytoplasm
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes

31. Types of Leukocytes

32. Granulocytes & Agranulocytes

33. Granulocytes (-phils)‏
Visible granules in the cytoplasm,
Spherical in shape
Larger than RBC
Life span is shorter than RBC
Nuclei are lobe shaped
Granulocytes are phagocytes, more or less.

34. Notice the granules in the granulocyte (a type of leukocyte)

35. Types of Granulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

36. Neutrophil Notice the multi-lobed and segmented nucleus
with pink granules in the
cytoplasm

38. Neutrophil and Eosinophil
Eosinophil – notice the
nucleus is bi-lobed.
Granules stain red, pink,
or orange

39. Eosinophil

40. Notice the granules that stain purple/blue;
bi- or tri-lobed nucleus

41. Mature Basophil

42. A bacterial infection will likely lead to high levels of:
Eosinophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Neutrophils

43. Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes

44. Lymphocyte
Notice the large cell with no granules. The nucleus is also large.

45. Lymphocytes are matured in the Thymus and Bone Marrow

46. Monocyte
Notice the kidney
shaped nucleus

47. Types of Leukocytes

49. How to Remember WBC in number (Most numerous to least numerous)‏
Never
Let
Monkeys
Eat
Bananas
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils

50. Thrombocytes (Platelets)‏
Clot blood
Formed from the rupture of a megakaryocyte in the red bone marrow
Life span: about 10 days
Normal blood count
150, ,000 per cubic millimeter (mm3)

51. Megakaryocyte

52. Notice the tiny platelets

53. RBC, Platelet, and WBC

54. Hemostasis = Blood Clotting
Three steps
Vascular spasms
Platelet plug formation
Coagulation

55. Vascular Spasms

56. Hemostasis: Platelet Plug Formation

57. Coagulation Conversion Process
Prothrombin
Thrombin
Fibrinogen
Fibrin

58. Hemostasis: Coagulation

59. Blood Clotting Coagulation

60. Blood Clotting Coagulation

61. Blood Clotting Video
video/how-does-blood-clot-video.html

62. Blood Clotting Needs
Vitamin K
Calcium

63. Blood Serum Blood minus
RBC
WBC
Platelets
Fibrinogen (clotting factors)
Why do you think blood serum has fibrinogen removed?

64. Fibrinolysis Removes the clot Without removal, it may persist as:
Thrombus (stationary clot)
Embolus (moving clot)

65. Anticoagulants Anticoagulants are misnamed “blood thinners”
Anticoagulants inhibit coagulation (clot formation)
WBCs produce heparin (an anticoagulant)
Medications can also inhibit coagulation
Aspirin, heparin, warfarin, coumadin, lots of new drugs

66. Which of the following is required for blood clotting?
Calcium ions
Iron molecules
Vitamin B12
Folic acid
Sodium ions