1. CHARGE SIGN DEPENDENCE OF LONG TERM COSMIC RAY MODULATION
Paul Evenson*
Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
*With major input from John Clem

2. Cosmic Ray “Solar” Modulation

3. Charge Sign Dependent Modulation

4. Randy Jokipii Views the Heliosphere ….

5. Low Energy Nucleon Modulation Has Typically Been Better Described by Models than Electron Modulation

6. Describing Cosmic Electrons …
… may be compared to a panel discussion among visually challenged persons regarding the anatomy of endangered sub-Saharan pachyderms.

7. Cosmic Ray Electron Spectrum

8. Electron and Ion Mean Free Path

9. Determinations of the Abundance of Cosmic Ray Positrons

10. Time Variability of the Cosmic Ray Positron Abundance at Approximately 1 GeV

11. Solar Polar Magnetic Field

12. 2.5 GV electron/proton Ratio at Ulysses (and Current Sheet Tilt Angle) as a Function of Time
(Bernd Heber, private communication, 2001)

13. Some Charge Sign Effects Clearly Are a Function of Current Sheet Tilt Angle

14. Electrons at 1.2 and 2.5 GeV

15. Helium and Electrons ~ 1.2 GV “Classic” Normalization

16. Helium and Electrons ~ 1.2 GV Alternate Normalization

17. Reminds me of an old mystery ….

18. Helium and Electrons ~ 1.2 GV

19. Helium and Electrons ~ 1.2 GV

20. Helium “Spike” in 1987

21. Conclusions Ulysses and LEE/AESOP are consistent
Electron behavior very energy dependent
“Peaked” features in 1987 and 1997
Weak dependence on tilt angle
Major shift in 1-2 GeV positron abundance from 1999 to 2000
“Anomalous Electrons” undecided
Protheroe (1982) was just about right

22. LEE/AESOP Launch

23. AESOP Digital Optical Spark Chamber

24. AESOP and LEE

25. Observed Positron Abundance – 1999 Flight

26. Observed Positron Abundance – 2000 Flight