1. In fact, all organisms depend on chemicals & chemical reactions.
The Venus flytrap eats animals to get nutrients that it needs to make molecules such as proteins. Other chemicals made by the plant's cells enable the Venus flytrap to digest the animals that it eats.
In fact, all organisms depend on chemicals & chemical reactions.

2. Biology – the study of life
Before we begin to study biology, we need to understand what life is made of & the processes that make life possible.

3. Introduction to Biochemistry
The Chemistry of Life

4. What do a frog, a skyscraper, a car, & your body all have in common?

5. Matter
Anything that has mass & takes up space

6. What is matter made of? Atoms: basic unit of matter
Make up all things on Earth

7. It would take you more than a trillion years to count the number of atoms in a single grain of sand!

8. Atoms Composed of: Protons: positive (+) charge
Electrons: negative (-) charge
Neutrons: neutral, no charge

9. Protons & Neutrons Located in the nucleus
Have a mass of 1 amu (atomic mass unit)

10. Electrons
Located around the nucleus in electron clouds (not actually rings!)
Have a negligible mass, because they are hundreds of times smaller than protons & neutrons

11. Atoms The number of protons indicates the type of atom! Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen

12. Elements Pure substances made up of one type of atom
All atoms of that element look the same, with the same number of protons, neutrons (average), & electrons.

14. Reading the Period Table of Elements
Letters: symbol for the element, representation
Atomic Number: number of protons in the atom
Atomic Mass: mass of the nucleus, (# protons + # neutrons)

15. This gives the element a neutral charge.
# electrons = # protons
The number of protons is the same as the number of electrons.
This gives the element a neutral charge.

16. How many electrons are in Cobalt?58 59 27 31

17. How many neutrons are in Cobalt?27 59 25 32

18. What element is this?
Helium
Potassium
Nitrogen
Carbon

19. Ions
Ions are charged atoms that have gained or lost electrons to become more stable.

20. Bonding An attraction between atoms or molecules Ionic Bonds
Covalent Bonds
Hydrogen Bonds

21. Ionic Bonds Electrons are transferred between atoms
NaCl (sodium chloride), CaS (calcium sulfide)
Strong force
Between a metal and nonmetal
What would cause this?

22. What happens to atoms that are oppositely charged?
Ions
Formed when atoms gain or lose electrons
Positive Ions
Negative Ions
Na becomes Na+ & Cl becomes Cl-.
What happens to atoms that are oppositely charged?

23. Ionic bonds form between oppositely charged ions.

24. Covalent Bonds Actually share electrons between atoms
CO2 (carbon dioxide), CH4 (methane)
Strong force
Between 2 nonmetals

25. Hydrogen Bonds
Form between water molecules
Very weak force

26. Molecules
2 or more atoms bonded together
O2, CO2, H2O

27. The properties of a molecule are very different than the properties of the elements that make up the molecule.
Atomic oxygen (O1) doesn’t exist on Earth for very long, but it exists in space. The oxygen we breathe is O2.

28. The properties of a molecule are very different than the properties of the elements that make up the molecule.
A diamond is pure carbon, but carbon can also form sugars, proteins, & other molecules.

29. All compounds are molecules, but not all molecules are compounds!
A type of molecule with at least 2 different types of atoms
H2O, CO2
All compounds are molecules, but not all molecules are compounds!

30. Reading & Writing Molecular Formulas
Subscripts: written below the level of the line
Signify the number of atoms in the molecule
1 Mg atom + 2 Cl atoms  MgCl2

31. How many of each type of atom?
Al(NO3)3
1 Al
3 N
9 O
(CH3)3CH
4 C
10 H

32. Reading & Writing Molecular Formulas
Coefficients: written to the left of the molecule
Signify the number of molecules
5NaCl  5 molecules of NaCl

33. 2C6H12O6 – 2 Glucose Molecules
How many total molecules?
2 molecules of C6H12O6
How many total atoms?
12 C + 24 H + 12 O = 48 total atoms
C6H12O6 – Glucose
2C6H12O6 – 2 Glucose Molecules

34. Counting Atoms Practice Qs Substance Element 1 Element 2 Element 3 1
CaCO3
Ca = 1
C = 1
O = 3 2
2CaSO4
Ca = 2
S = 2
O = 8 3
__Na2CO3
Na = 4
C = 2
O = 6 4
__SiO2
Si = 2
O = 4