1. Anatomy

2. Learning goals
Understanding the relationship between anatomical planes/axes and the various planes of movement.
Demonstrate and understanding of basic movements and positions involving a joint.

3. What is Anatomy? Anatomy is the STRUCTURE of the human body.
Anatomy is a branch of science that deals with the structures that make up the human body, and how those structures relate to each other.
Anatomy is the STRUCTURE of the human body.

4. How would you answer the following?
The elbow is ____________________________ the hand.
The foot is ____________________________ the knee.
The belly button is ____________________________ the love handles.
The ears are __________________________ the nose.
The calf muscle is __________________________ the leg bones.
The nose is __________________________ the back of the head.

5. Anatomical language
Before we look at the anatomy of the SKELETAL and MUSCULAR systems, we first need to have a basic understanding of anatomical language!

6. Anatomical position
is the reference position used to describe the location of anatomical parts and to describe and explain human movement.
the subject is:
standing upright with feet flat on the floor
arms at the side of the body
facing the observer
palms are facing forward (supinated)
Don’t forget PALMS FORWARD!

7. Describing anatomical relationships
Starting from the standard anatomical position, anatomical relationships are described as follows:
Anterior / Posterior
Superior / Inferior
Medial / Lateral
Proximal / Distal

8. Terms Anterior (ventral): nearer to or in front of the body
Posterior (dorsal): nearer to or at the back of the body
Medial: inside, toward the midline
Lateral: outside, away from the midline
Proximal: nearer to the attachment of an extremity (limb) to
the trunk; nearer to the point of origin
Distal: farther from the attachment of an extremity (limb) to the trunk; farther away from the point of origin

9. Terms
Superior: nearer the head
Inferior: farther away from the head

11. Now How would you answer the following?
The elbow is ____________________________ the hand.
The foot is ____________________________ the knee.
The belly button is ____________________________ the love handles.
The ears are __________________________ the nose.
The calf muscle is __________________________ the leg bones.
The nose is __________________________ the back of the head.

12. DIRECTIONAL TERMS PRACTICE
Your nose is _____ to your eyes (medial/lateral).
Your skin lies _____ to your muscles (superficial/deep).
Your teeth are _____ to your lips (anterior/posterior).
Your knees are _____ to your ankles (superior/inferior).
Your hands are _____ to your elbows (proximal/distal).

13. Create a statement for the following pairs:
brain / skull
ankle / shin
thumb / ‘pinky’
collar bone / shoulder blade
ribs / hips

14. ACTIVITY: PICK A PART I am superior to waist
I am distal to the L wrist
I am superficial to the skin
I am lateral to the L ring finger, but medial to the L index finger
I am posterior to the palm
I am distal to all the knuckles
WHAT AM I?
YOUR TURN...come up with a “riddle” of your own (start general)

15. Planes of motion
defined as the two dimensional space cut by a moving body or the plane along which movements occur.
generally three planes used to describe segmental and body movements in physical activity.

16. 1. Sagittal plane
a vertical plane that cuts the body into right and left sides
NOTE: if the plane divides the body right down the middle, we call it the MEDIAN (or MIDSAGITTAL)

17. 2. Frontal (coronal) plane
vertical plane that cuts the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts

18. 3. Transverse (horizontal) plane
horizontal plane that cuts the body into superior and inferior parts

21. Anatomical axes Used to describe the direction of movement at joints:
Antero-posterior axis
Longitudinal axis
Horizontal axis

22. Antero-posterior axis
Horizontal axis
extends from one side of the body to the other.
Longitudinal axis
is vertical, running from head to toe.
Antero-posterior axis
extends from the front of the body to the back.

23. general rule
The PLANE will be parallel with the movement, the AXIS will be perpendicular to the direction of movement.

24. Movement at joints

25. Movement at joints
Abduction moves a body part away from the medial plane
Adduction moves a body part toward the medial plane
Flexion reduces the angle between two bones
Extension increases the angle between two bones

26. Movement at joints
Dorsiflexion moves the ankle in the sagittal plane to reduce the angle between the foot and the lower leg
Plantar Flexion moves the ankle in the sagittal plane to increase the angle between the foot and the lower leg
Pronation rotates the wrist and hand to a palm down position
Supination rotates of the wrist and hand to a palm up position

27. Movement at joint
Eversion occurs when the lateral surface of the foot is raised to turn the sole of the foot outward
Inversion occurs when the medial surface of the foot is raised to turn the sole of the foot inward
Internal Rotation occurs when a limb moves its anterior surface medially
External Rotation occurs when a limb moves its anterior surface laterally

28. Movement at joint

30. Summary
The anatomical position is the starting point for describing anatomical relationships and movements.
The anatomical position is further divided into anatomical planes and anatomical axes. Movement occurs along an anatomical plane and around an anatomical axis.
Anatomical planes and axes are at right angles to each other.
Using this standard terminology, it is possible to describe human movement — for example, flexion/ extension, abduction/adduction, supination/ pronation, etc.