1. Race And Education Social Mobility Four Species Of Capital
Economic Capital
Human Capital
Social Capital
Cultural Capital
Performance Differences

2. ??
FaEd
FaOc
1stOc Ed Oc
Social Mobility
Blau and Duncan 1967

3. Occupational Prestige Rankings
Supreme Court judge (85)
Physician (82)
Astronaut (80)
College professor (78)
Lawyer (75)
Dentist (74)
Architect (71)
Psychologist (71)
Airline pilot (70)
Electrical engineer (69)
Civil engineer (68)
Biologist (68)
Clergy (67)
Sociologist (65)
Accountant (65)
Banker (63)
Banker (63)
High school teacher (63)
Author (63)
Registered nurse (62)
Veterinarian (60)
Police officer (59)
Actor or actress (55)
Athletic coach (53)
Journalist (52)
Professional athlete (51)
Undertaker (51)
Social worker (50)
Secretary (46)
Real estate agent (44)
Farmer (44)
Carpenter (43)
Plumber (41)
Mail carrier (40)
Barber (36)
Truck driver (31)
Factory worker (29)
Store sales clerk (27)
Bartender (25)
Lives on public aid (25)
Bill collector (24)
Cab driver (22)
Janitor (22)
Waiter or waitress (20)
Bellhop (15)
Garbage collector (13)
Street sweeper (11)
Shoe shiner (9)
Determined By: Pay, Education, Abstract Thought, and Autonomy

4. Species Of Capital Important Resources They’re Fungible
(Able To Be Exchanged For Other Capital)
They’re Transferable
(Usually From Generation To Generation)
They’re Unequally Distributed
(Often Because Of Accumulated Disadvantage)
Species Of Capital
Economic Capital
Human Capital
Social Capital
Cultural Capital

5. George Becker
James Coleman
Pierre Bourdieu
• Economic Capital:
Control of financial resources (e.g., cash, assets)
• Human Capital:
Accumulated knowledge, skills, and physical capabilities gained through education
• Social Capital:
The collective value of all social networks (who you know) and the inclinations that arise from these networks to do things for each other.
• Cultural Capital:
Linguistic/cultural competencies (primarily tastes and dispositions) valued but not taught in schools.
Embodied • Objectified • Institutionalized
Species Of Capital Transferred From Generation To Generation Able To Be Exchanged For Other Resources

6. CONTROL OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES (E.G., CASH, ASSETS)
Economic Capital
Poverty Line
Single: $10,830
Family: $22,050
At/Below Poverty
Asian 12.5%
White 12.3%
Latino 25.3%
Black 25.8%
Race In Schools
Urban: 35% White
Suburban: 65% White
CONTROL OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES (E.G., CASH, ASSETS)

7. CONTROL OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES (E.G., CASH, ASSETS)
Economic Capital
Census 2010 BS MA
MD/JD
PhD
All Workers
59k
71k
125k
100k
Men
73k
88k
148k
117k
Women
44k
55k
Whites
60k
72k
128k
Blacks
47k
58k
105k
93k
Hispanics
48k
74k
82k
96k
CONTROL OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES (E.G., CASH, ASSETS)

8. School Readiness At Age 5
Human Capital
Can Count To 20
White – 69%
Asian – 69%
Black – 69%
Hispanic – 41%
Can Write Name
White – 64%
Asian – 61%
Black – 58%
Hispanic – 49%
Knows All Letters
White – 36%
Asian – 39%
Black – 37%
Hispanic – 15%
School Readiness At Age 5
Can Read Words
White – 75%
Asian – 79%
Black – 67%
Hispanic – 55%
Nat’l Household Education Survey 2007
Some of the Hispanic deficiency can be accounted for by English being some students’ second language.
ACCUMULATED KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS, AND PHYSICAL CAPABILITIES GAINED THROUGH EDUCATION

9. Social Capital
Deceased
Absentee
Divorced
THE COLLECTIVE VALUE OF ALL SOCIAL NETWORKS (WHO YOU KNOW) AND THE INCLINATIONS THAT ARISE FROM THESE NETWORKS TO DO THINGS FOR EACH OTHER

10. Social Capital Black Kids Adopted By White Parents
Moore 1986; Nisbett 1998
Black Kids Adopted By White Parents
Have Higher IQs Than Black Kids Adopted By Black Parents
Biracial Kids With White Fathers
Have Higher IQs Than Biracial Kids With Black Fathers

11. Cultural Capital A B C D EMBODIED OBJECTIFIED INSTITUTIONALIZED
LINGUISTIC/CULTURAL COMPETENCIES (PRIMARILY TASTES & DISPOSITIONS) VALUED BUT NOT TAUGHT IN SCHOOLS

12. Expanded Mobility Model
Economic Capital
Cultural Capital
Wisconsin 1971
Social Capital
Human Capital
Occupation Aspirations
Educational Attainment
Educational Aspirations
ACTUAL Occupation ??

13. Performance Differences
Fact: A 17yo Black senior has the average reading proficiency of a 13yo White 8th grader

14. Performance Differences
FACT: Black and White Kindergarteners
with the same ages and birth weight,
whose moms have the same test scores, education, occupation, income, and wealth,
whose moms were the same age when they had their first child, and
with the same number of children’s book, movies, etc. in their homes
SCORE THE SAME ON READING/MATH TESTS
By The Third Grade The Achievement Gap For These Kids Reappears
What’s Going On Here?
Source: Fryer and Levitt 2004; Yeung and Conley 2006; Yeung and Pfeiffer 2006

15. Is It Differences In Opportunity?
Facts:
Minority Kids Are More Likely
. . . to be in single-race schools
. . . to attend schools where teachers don’t live nearby
. . . to attend public schools
. . . to attend large urban schools
. . . to attend highly tracked schools
. . . to attend bureaucratic schools
. . . to attend poorly-resourced schools
. . . to be taught by uncertified teachers
And To Face Micro-Expectations In These Environments
Is It Differences In Opportunity?