1. Clopidogrel - PPI Interaction: The Final Word
Dominick J. Angiolillo, MD, PhD, FACC, FESC, FSCAI
Director of Cardiovascular Research
Associate Professor of Medicine
University of Florida College of Medicine - Jacksonville

2. Dominick J. Angiolillo, MD, PhD
Within the past 12 months, the presenter or their spouse/partner have had a financial interest/arrangement or affiliation with the organization listed below.
Honoraria/Lectures: Bristol-Myers Squibb, Sanofi-Aventis, Eli Lilly Co, Daiichi Sankyo, Inc., Astra Zeneca, Abbott Vascular
Advisory Board: Bristol-Myers Squibb, Sanofi-Aventis, Eli Lilly Co, Daiichi Sankyo, Inc., The Medicines Company, Portola Pharmaceuticals, Novartis, Arena Pharmaceuticals, Accumetrics, Medicure, Merck
Research Grants: GlaxoSmithKline, Otsuka, Accumetrics, Eli Lilly Co, Daiichi Sankyo, Inc., The Medicines Company, Portola Pharmaceuticals, Schering-Plough, AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Sanofi-Aventis
Dominick J. Angiolillo, MD, PhD
Honoraria/Lectures: Bristol-Myers Squibb, Sanofi-Aventis, Eli Lilly Co, Daiichi Sankyo, Inc., Astra Zeneca, Abbott Vascular
Advisory Board: Bristol-Myers Squibb, Sanofi-Aventis, Eli Lilly Co, Daiichi Sankyo, Inc., The Medicines Company, Portola Pharmaceuticals, Novartis, Arena Pharmaceuticals, Accumetrics, Medicure, Merck
Research Grants: GlaxoSmithKline, Otsuka, Accumetrics, Eli Lilly Co, Daiichi Sankyo, Inc., The Medicines Company, Portola Pharmaceuticals, Schering-Plough, AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Sanofi-Aventis

3. PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS (PPIs)
ASPIRIN +
CLOPIDOGREL
EFFECT
prevention of cardiac damage
EFFECT
SIDE
gastric bleeding
PROTON
PUMP
INHIBITORS
(PPIs)
EFFECT
prevention of gastric bleeding

4. 2009 Updated Labeling for Clopidogrel–PPI Interaction
FDA/p 1/para 1-5; US Plavix label/p 15/para 3; p 16/para 4
FDA-required label changes:2
Warning: “Co-administration of Plavix with omeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor that is an inhibitor of CYP2C19, reduces the pharmacological activity of Plavix if given concomitantly or if given 12 hours apart”
Drug-Drug Interactions: “Avoid concomitant use of drugs that inhibit CYP2C19, including omeprazole, esomeprazole, cimetidine, fluconazole, ketoconazole, voriconazole, etravirine, felbamate, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, and ticlopidine”
Based on PK/PD studies showing concomitant omeprazole reduced clopidogrel active metabolite and effect on platelets1
Did not include COGENT study data2
EMEA warning extends to discourage concomitant use of all PPIs3
Concomitant use of drugs that inhibit CYP2C19 discouraged; concomitant use of any PPI “should be avoided unless absolutely necessary”4
Wathion/p 1/para 4, 6; EU Plavix label/p 4/para 2
Information for Healthcare Professionals: Update to the labeling of Clopidogrel Bisulfate (marketed as Plavix) to alert healthcare professionals about a drug interaction with omeprazole (marketed as Prilosec and Prilosec OTC). Food and Drug Administration. Published November 17, Accessed January 22, 2010.
Wathion N. Public statement on possible interaction between clopidogrel and proton pump inhibitors. European Medicines Agency. Published May 29, Accessed January 22, 2010.
Plavix [summary of product characteristics]. Paris, France: Sanofi Pharma Bristol-Myers Squibb SNC; Updated August 28, Accessed January 22, 2010.
Plavix [package insert]. Bridgewater, NJ: Bristol-Myers Squibb/Sanofi Pharmaceuticals Partnership; Accessed January 22, 2010.
EMEA=European Medicines Agency; FDA=Food and Drug Administration; PD=pharmacodynamic; PK=pharmacokinetic. 1Food and Drug Administration. DrugSafety InformationforHeathcareProfessionals/ucm htm. Published November 17, Accessed January 22, Plavix [package insert]. Bridgewater, NJ: Bristol-Myers Squibb/Sanofi Pharmaceuticals Partnership; Wathion N. EPAR/Plavix/ en.pdf. Published May 29, Accessed January 22, Plavix [summary of product characteristics]. Paris, France: Sanofi Pharma Bristol-Myers Squibb SNC; 2009. 4

5. (oral ingestion of pro-drug)
Pharmacogenetics of Cardiovascular Antithrombotic Therapy N S O Cl
CH3 C
Clopidogrel
(oral ingestion of pro-drug)
MDR-1
Platelet membrane receptors
P2Y12 , GP IIb/IIIa, GP Ia
Genetic targets
CYP enzyme system
Two sequential steps:
One step: CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP2C9, CYP1A2
Both steps: CYP2B6, CYP2C19
Intestinal absorption
Hepatic generation
of active metabolite
HOOC
* HS N O Cl
OCH3
Platelet inhibition
Marin F & Angiolillo DJ. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009 ;54:

6. Clopidogrel and PPIs – The OCLA study
Clopidogrel is a prodrug; requires conversion by the liver primarily via CYP3A4 and CYP2C19 to an active metabolite
PPIs are strong inhibitors of CYP2C19 activity
PRI: Platelet Reactivity Index as measured by vasodilator stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP)
Poor responders = 16 placebo and 39 in omeprazole
PRI was measured at Day 1 and omeprazole vs. placebo was given for 7 days plus clopidogrel, PRI rechecked
Graph represents change from baseline; omeprazole clearly attenuates the antiplatelet effect of clopidogrel, but is this significant clinically?
p<0.0001
Gilard et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51:

7. Results of a Prospective Randomized Crossover Study
Pharmacodynamic Effects of Concomitant versus Staggered Clopidogrel and Omeprazole Intake:
Results of a Prospective Randomized Crossover Study
p=0.02
p<0.001
p=0.08
P2Y12 reactivity index (PRI) %
VASP
Ferreiro & Angiolillo. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2010;3:436-41

8. Insights on FDA decision making
Angiolillo DA, et al. Clin Pharmacol Ther :65-74.

9. Insights on FDA decision making
Four randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover PK/PD studies (n=282 healthy subjects) to investigate the interaction between:
Clopidogrel (300-mg LD/75-mg MD) & omeprazole (80 mg) administered simultaneously.
Clopidogrel (300-mg LD/75-mg MD) & omeprazole (80 mg) given 12 hours later.
Increasing the clopidogrel dose to 600-mg LD/150-mg MD & omeprazole (80 mg) administered simultaneously.
Clopidogrel (300-mg LD/75-mg MD) & pantoprazole (80 mg) administered simultaneously.
Angiolillo DA, et al. Clin Pharmacol Ther :65-74.

10. Standard-Dose Clopidogrel + Omeprazole versus Standard-Dose Clopidogrel + Pantoprazole: VASP-PRI Data
Mean ± SEM of Vasodilator-Stimulated Phosphoprotein Phosphorylation-Platelet Reactivity Index (%)
Clopidogrel ± Omeprazole
Clopidogrel ± Pantoprazole
VASP-PRI (%) was higher in the clopidogrel + omeprazole group (left panel): omeprazole decreased the effect of clopidogrel on platelet reactivity at Day 5.
There was a numerically small, statistically insignificant increase in VASP-PRI when clopidogrel was coadministered with pantoprazole, with the CI for the effect including zero (increase of 3.86% with 90% CI, to 10.44) (P=0.3319).
Reference
1. Angiolillo DA, et al. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2010; in press.
After coadministering omeprazole (left panel) or pantoprazole (right panel) with clopidogrel (300-mg LD/75-mg/day MD), the estimated treatment differences (90% CIs) at Day 5 were:
20.7% (90% CI, 14.1% to 27.2%; P<0.0001) for omeprazole and
3.9% (–2.7% to 10.4%; P=0.3319) for pantoprazole.
D, day; LD, loading dose; LOQ, lower limit of quantification; MD, maintenance dose; SEM, standard error of the mean; T, sampling time; VASP-PRI, vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein phosphorylation-platelet reactivity index.
Angiolillo DA, et al. Clin Pharmacol Ther :65-74.

11. Double-Dose Clopidogrel + Omeprazole Administered Together: Effect on Clopidogrel Active Metabolite H4
Mean (SD) Plasma Concentration of Clopidogrel Active Metabolite H4 After a 600-mg Loading Dose (Left) and 150-mg Maintenance Dose (Right)
Plasma Active Metabolite Concentrations (ng/mL) 60
Nominal time (h)
Day 1: 600 mg 50 40 30 20 10
Nominal time (h)
Day 5: 150 mg 25 20 15 10 5
Plasma Active Metabolite Concentrations (ng/mL)
Clopidogrel alone
Clopidogrel + omeprazole
LOQ = ng/mL
Clopidogrel alone
Clopidogrel + omeprazole
LOQ = ng/mL
The pharmacokinetic population included 65 subjects.
Based on AUC(0-24) ratios (double-dose clopidogrel + omeprazole vs double-dose clopidogrel alone), the active metabolite H4 exposure was decreased by 48% following a 600-mg loading dose of clopidogrel given concomitantly with 80 mg omeprazole (AUC0-24 ratio of 0.52; 90% CI, ; P<0.001) and by 41% following an additional 4-day 150-mg maintenance dose of clopidogrel + omeprazole (AUC0-24 ratio of 0.59; 90% CI, ; P<0.001).
After a 600-mg clopidogrel loading dose given concomitantly with omeprazole, the Cmax ratio was 0.54 (90% CI, ; P<0.001); after an additional 4 days of clopidogrel 150 mg/day given concomitantly with omeprazole, the Cmax ratio was 0.50 (90% CI, ; P<0.001).
Simultaneous administration of a 600-mg clopidogrel loading dose with omeprazole increased exposure of unchanged clopidogrel (AUC0-24 ratio, 1.19; 90% CI, ; P=0.002), and after 4 days of clopidogrel 150 mg/day, unchanged clopidogrel exposure increased by 44% (AUC0-24 ratio, 1.44; 90% CI, ; P<0.001).
Reference
1. Angiolillo DA, et al. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2010; in press.
After coadministering omeprazole with clopidogrel (600-mg LD/150-mg/day MD), the clopidogrel active metabolite H4 pharmacokinetic parameters were consistently decreased by:
46% on Day 1 (P<0.001) and 50% on Day 5 (P<0.001) for maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), and
48% on Day 1 (P<0.001) and 41% on Day 5 (P<0.001) for area under the concentration–time curve from time zero to 24 hours (AUC0-24).
LD, loading dose; LOQ, lower limit of quantification.; MD, maintenance dose; SD, standard deviation.
Angiolillo DA, et al. Clin Pharmacol Ther :65-74.

12. Drug-drug interactions
Nat Rev Cardiol. 2009;6:

13. Deaths or Recurrent ACS
Risk of All-Cause Mortality and Recurrent ACS in Patients Taking Clopidogrel and PPI
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
Neither clopidogrel nor PPI
PPI without clopidogrel
Clopidogrel + PPI
Clopidogrel without PPI
Deaths or Recurrent ACS
Proportion of
In this retrospective cohort study by Ho and colleagues, concomitant use of clopidogrel and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) after hospital discharge for ACS was associated with an increased risk of adverse outcomes than use of clopidogrel without a PPI, suggesting that use of PPI may be associated with attenuation of benefits of clopidogrel after ACS.
Of 8205 patients with ACS taking clopidogrel after hospital discharge, 63.9% (n=5244) were prescribed PPI at discharge, during follow-up, or both and 36.1% (n=2961) were not prescribed PPI. Median follow-up after hospital discharge was 521 days (interquartile range, days). Death or rehospitalization for ACS occurred in 20.8% (n=615) of patients prescribed clopidogrel without PPI and 29.8% (n=1561) of patients prescribed clopidogrel plus PPI.
In multivariable analysis, use of clopidogrel plus PPI at any point in time was associated with an increased risk of death or rehospitalization for ACS compared with use of clopidogrel without PPI (adjusted odds ratio, 1.25; 95% CI, ).
In multivariable analyses with medication use as a time-varying covariate, periods of use of clopidogrel without PPI were associated with a significantly lower risk of adverse events compared with periods without the use of either clopidogrel or PPI (P<.001). However, this association appeared to be attenuated when comparing periods of use of clopidogrel plus PPI use with periods without use of either clopidogrel or PPI (shown in figure on slide). 90
180
270
360
450
540
630
720
810
900
990
1080
Days Since Discharge
Ho PM, et al. JAMA. 2009;301(9):
Ho PM, Maddox TM, Wang L, et al. Risk of adverse outcomes associated with concomitant use of clopidogrel and proton pump inhibitors following acute coronary syndrome. JAMA. 2009;301(9):

14. TRITON-TIMI 38: Primary endpoint stratified by use of a PPI
PPI use at randomization (n= 4529)
Clopidogrel
Prasugrel
CV death, MI or stroke
CLOPIDOGREL PPI vs no PPI: Adj HR 0.94, 95% CI
PRASUGREL PPI vs no PPI: Adj HR 1.00, 95% CI
Days
O'Donoghue ML et al. Lancet. 2009;374: 14

15. Primary Outcome by Randomized Treatment and PPI Use
Clopidogrel/PPI vs. Clopidogrel/no PPI:
*HR 1.20 ( )
13.03
10.92
Pinteraction for P2Y12 * PPI=0.72
Ticagrelor/PPI vs. Ticagrelor/no PPI:
*HR 1.24 ( )
10.96
9.19
*Propensity Adjusted Hazard Ratio (95% Cls)
Goodman SG et al. Circulation 2012 (in press)

16. Clopidogrel and the Optimization of GI Events Trial – COGENT
K–M Estimates of the Probability of Remaining Free of Primary Gastrointestinal Events
K–M Estimates of the Probability of Remaining Free of Primary Cardiovascular Events
HR: 0.34; 95% CI:
HR: 0.99; 95% CI:
Bhatt DL et al. N Engl J Med 2010;363:

17. COGENT - Major Limitations
Trial interrupted prematurely for bankruptcy.
Not powered for CV events (“There was no a priori sample-size calculation or explicit noninferiority hypothesis for the CV endpoint”)
Definition of CV endpoint (CV death, non-fatal MI, ischemic stroke, or coronary revascularization)
Low CV event rate (109 overall events), thus broad CI (HR:0.99; 95% CI: ). Cannot exclude a clinically important increase in risk up to 44%.
Low major CV event rate (43 major events) –HR 1.15 favoring placebo.
Authors conclusions: “Our results do not rule out a clinically meaningful difference in CV events due to the use of a PPI.”
PPI used in COGENT: combo-pill (not available) with different PK profiles than commercially available omeprazole.

18. Clopiodgrel FDA Box Warnings
The Code of Federal Regulations (21CFR [e]) requires that “labeling shall be revised to include a warning as soon as there is reasonable evidence of an association of a serious hazard with a drug; a causal relationship need not have been proved. Special problems, particularly those that may lead to death or serious injury, may be required by the Food and Drug Administration to be placed in a prominently displayed box. The boxed warning ordinarily shall be based on clinical data.”
Murphy S, Roberts R. "Black box" 101: How the Food and Drug Administration evaluates, communicates, and manages drug benefit/risk.
J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117:34-9.

19. PPIs and Antiplatelet Therapy
IIa
IIb
III
PPI should be used in patients with history of prior GI bleed who require DAPT (In patients in whom there is a clear indication for PPI therapy, some clinicians may choose to use a PPI other than omeprazole).
PPI use is reasonable in patients with increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding (advanced age, concomitant use of warfarin, steroids, NSAIDS, H pylori infection, etc.) who require DAPT.
Routine use of a PPI is not recommended for patients at low risk of gastrointestinal bleeding, who have much less potential to benefit from prophylactic therapy. I
IIa
IIb
III I
IIa
IIb
III
No Benefit 19

20. Clopidogrel –PPI Interaction: The Final Word
PD and PK interaction between clopidogrel and 2C19 specific PPI is real!
The clinical implications of this interaction are still controversial. Therefore, this implies “potential” risk for harm (potentially life- threatening), justifying the “boxed warning”.
If gastric protection needed: safer options (no warnings) are available (non 2C19 specific PPI, H2RA) to prevent bleeding.
Use your clinical judgment: don’t use PPI in all your DAPT patients, define your patient’s bleeding risk, use “guideline recommended” low dose aspirin (<100mg), consider safer (non-2C19 interfering) gastric protecting agents.