1. Unit 3, Lesson 2 Vocabulary
Discussing obligations and responsibilities
Presenting and supporting opinions

2. Social awareness
El ciudadano
(f) La ciudadana
The citizen

3. Social awareness
El compromiso
The commitment

4. Social awareness
La conciencia social
Social awareness

5. To take charge of; To make oneself responsible for
Social awareness
Encargarse de
To take charge of; To make oneself responsible for

6. Social awareness
La irresponsabilidad
Irresponsibility

7. Social awareness
Penalizar
To penalize

8. Social awareness
La política
Politics

9. Social awareness
El principio
The principle

10. Social awareness
Respetar
To respect

11. Social awareness
Satisfacer
To satisfy

12. Social awareness
La sociedad
Society

13. Social awareness
La unidad
Unity

14. Inventions
Comercializar
To market

15. Inventions Invertir To invest
Present Tense: e ie in every form except nosotros
Preterite Tense: e i in él/ella/usted & ellos/ellas/ustedes

16. Inventions
Novedoso (a)
Novel; Original

17. Inventions
La patente
Patent

18. Inventions
El producto
Product

19. Mistakes and Persistence
Advertir
To warn
Present Tense: e ie in every form except nosotros

20. Mistakes and Persistence
Cometer
To make (a mistake)

21. Mistakes and Persistence
Emprender
To undertake

22. Mistakes and Persistence
El error
Mistake; error

23. Mistakes and Persistence
Insistir
To insist

24. Mistakes and Persistence
Luchar
To struggle; to fight

25. Mistakes and Persistence
Persistir
To persist

26. Mistakes and Persistence
Progresar
To progress

27. Mistakes and Persistence
Prosperar
To prosper

28. Mistakes and Persistence
Seguir adelante
To continue on; to carry on

29. Mistakes and Persistence
Solucionar
To solve

30. Mistakes and Persistence
Superar
To overcome

31. Mistakes and Persistence
La advertencia
Warning

32. Mistakes and Persistence
El fracaso
Failure

33. Mistakes and Persistence
La mejora
Improvement

34. Mistakes and Persistence
El obstáculo
Obstacle

35. Mistakes and Persistence
El sufrimiento
Suffering

36. Presenting and Supporting an Opinion
Criticar
To criticize

37. Presenting and Supporting an Opinion
Es imprescindible que…
It’s imperative that…

38. Presenting and Supporting an Opinion
Es raro que…
It’s strange that…

39. Presenting and Supporting an Opinion
Evaluar
To evaluate

40. Presenting and Supporting an Opinion
Por un lado…
Por el otro lado…
On one hand…
On the other hand…

41. The Present Subjunctive
Used when showing uncertainty that something will happen

42. The Subjunctive & Impersonal Expressions
Es importante que… = It’s important that…
Es bueno que… = It’s good that…
Es malo que… = It’s bad that…
Es necesario que… = It’s necessary that…
Es mejor que… = It’s better that…
Es raro que… = It’s strange that…
Es imprescindible que… = It’s imperative that…
Es lamentable que… = It’s unfortunate that…
Es buena idea que… = It’s a good idea that…
Es una lástima que… = It’s a shame that…
Es increíble que… = It’s incredible that…
Es triste que… = It’s sad that…
Es imposible que… = It’s impossible that...

43. The Subjunctive with Impersonal Expressions
Fact: (present tense) Saco una buena nota en el examen. I get/am getting a good grade on the test.
Uncertainty: (subjunctive) Es importante que saque una buena nota en el examen. It’s important that I get a good grade on the test.
*Subjunctive yo form of sacar
Subjunctive tense is used here because, although, “it’s important to get the good grade” it MAY or MAY NOT happen. Thus, demonstrating uncertainty.
*When translating subjunctive into English, we use present tense*

44. Forming the Subjunctive
We form the present subjunctive the same way we form usted commands.

45. Forming the Subjunctive
Yo form
Drop the –o
Add correct opposite endings
-ar  e
-er/-ir  a

46. Forming the Subjunctive
For -ar verbs: e
emos es en

47. HABLAR = to talk
hable
hables
hablemos
hablen

48. Forming the Subjunctive
For –er/-ir verbs: a
amos as an

49. COMER = to eat
coma
comas
comamos
coman

50. VIVIR = to live
viva
vivas
vivamos
vivan

51. Complete the following sentences with the correct subjunctive form of each verb. Translate sentences into English.
Es importante que ustedes ____________ las bolsas de plástico. (reciclar)
Es malo que la gente ____________ basura. (tirar)
Es raro que tú ____________ errores. (cometer)
Es imprescindible que nosotros ____________. (persistir)
Es necesario que yo ____________ este problema. (solucionar)

52. Irregular Subjunctive Verbs: -go Verbs
As in usted commands, verbs that are irregular in the present-tense yo form (-go) also have a “g” in the present subjunctive.

53. Irregular Subjunctive Verbs: -go Verbs
Decir  dig-
Hacer  hag-
Poner  pong-
Salir  salg-
Tener  teng-
Venir  veng-
Traer  traig-
Conseguir  consig-
Seguir  sig-
YOU STILL MUST ADD CORRECT ENDINGS!

54. HACER = to do/make
haga
hagas
hagamos
hagan

55. TENER = to have
tenga
tengas
tengamos
tengan

56. Subjunctive & -ar/-er Stem-change Verbs
Stem-changing –ar and –er verbs in the present tense also change in the subjunctive. EVERY FORM EXCEPT NOSOTROS!!!

57. PENSAR (e  ie) = to think
piense
pienses
*pensemos
piensen

58. QUERER (e  ie) = to want
*queramos
quieran
quiera
quieras

59. Irregular Subjunctive Verbs -car, -gar, -zar verbs
-car -qu
-gar  -gu
-zar  -c
YOU STILL MUST ADD CORRECT ENDINGS!

60. CRITICAR (qu) = to criticize
critique
critiques
critiquemos
critiquen

61. INVESTIGAR (gu) = to investigate
llegue
llegues
lleguemos
lleguen

62. **JUGAR (gu) = to play** *uue in every form EXCEPT nts.*
juegue
juegues
*juguemos
jueguen

63. REUTILIZAR (c) = to reuse
reutilice
reutilices
reutilicemos
reutilicen

64. **EMPEZAR (c) = to start** *eie in every form EXCEPT nts.*
empiece
empieces
*empecemos
empiecen

65. Irregular Subjunctive Verbs: OTHER SPELL CHANGES
Proteger  protej-
Extinguir  exting-
YOU STILL MUST ADD CORRECT ENDINGS!

66. PROTEGER (j) = to protect
proteja
protejas
protejamos
protejan

67. EXTINGUIRSE (g) = to become extinct
Me extinga
Te extingas
Se extinga
Nos extingamos
Se extingan

68. Irregular Subjunctive Verbs:
Dar – to give
Estar – to be
Ir – to go
Saber – to know
Ser – to be

69. DAR = to give dé
des
demos
den

70. ESTAR – to be
esté
estés
estemos
estén

71. IR = to go
vaya
vayas
vayamos
vayan

72. SABER = to know
sepa
sepas
sepamos
sepan

73. SER = to be
sea
seas
seamos
sean

74. Irregular Subjunctive Verbs: -ir, ei stem-change verbs
Verbs ending in –ir with an ei stem-change occur in ALL FORMS, INCLUDING nosotros

75. PEDIR (e  i) – to ask for/order (e  i *including nts.*)
pida
pidas
*pidamos
pidan

76. SERVIR (e  i) – to serve (e  i *including nts.*)
sirva
sirvas
*sirvamos
sirvan

77. Irregular Subjunctive Verbs: -ir, eie stem-change verbs
Verbs ending in –ir with an eie stem-change occur in ALL FORMS, BUT ei in the nosotros form

78. PREFERIR (e  ie / *nts: e  i) to prefer
prefiera
prefieras
* prefiramos
prefieran

79. Irregular Subjunctive Verbs: -ir, oue stem-change verbs
Verbs ending in –ir with an oue stem-change occur in ALL FORMS, BUT ou in the nosotros form

80. DORMIR (o  ue / *nts: o  u) to sleep
* durmamos
duerman
duerma
duermas