1. Organic Chemistry
Why is it important?

2. What is Organic Chemistry?
Study of hydrocarbons and derivatives
7 million Organic Compounds
1.5 million Inorganic Compounds
Animal and plant matter, Foods, Pharmaceuticals, Cosmetics, Fertilizers, Plastics, Petrochemicals, Clothing

3. Organic Compounds Contain carbon Have covalent bonds
Have low melting points
Have low boiling points
Burn in air (oxygen)
Form large molecules

4.
Come and listen to a story about a man named Jed A poor mountaineer, barely kept his family fed, Then one day he was shootin at some food, And up through the ground came a bubblin crude. Oil that is, black gold, Texas tea. Well the first thing you know ol Jed's a millionaire, Kinfolk said "Jed move away from there" Said "Californy is the place you ought to be" So they loaded up the truck and moved to Beverly. Hills, that is. Swimmin pools, movie stars. Well now its time to say good by to Jed and all his kin. And they would like to thank you folks fer kindly droppin in. You're all invited back a gain to this locality To have a heapin helpin of their hospitality Hillybilly that is. Set a spell, Take your shoes off. Y'all come back now, y'hear?.

5. Titusville, Pa

6. Crude oil can have different components depending on where in the world it comes from

7. Where is the oil going? US Middle East Petroleum Reserves (%) 7 65
World Population (%)
World Petroleum
Consumption (%)

8. How is Crude Oil Refined?
Distillation towers
Separated by the physical property of …
Boiling Point

9. Boiling Point Trends Small molecules low boiling points
usually gases at room temperature
Large molecules
high boiling points
usually liquids and solids at room temperature

10. Sources of Organic Compounds
Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil

11. Products from Petroleum

12. Barrel of crude oil 42 Gallons Priced by the Barrel $120 today
1 year ago: $60

13. Petroleum products use
84% for Burning
Fuel
Transportation and Heating
16% for Building
Products
Medicine, plastic, dyes, lubricants, cosmetics, explosives

14. Alkanes
Hydrocarbon chains where all the bonds between carbons are SINGLE bonds
Name uses the ending –ane
Examples: Methane, Propane, Butane, Octane, 2-methylpentane

15. Prefixes for # of Carbons1
Meth 6
Hex 2
Eth 7
Hept 3
Prop 8
Oct 4
But 9
Non 5
Pent 10
Dec

16. IUPAC Names Methane 1 CH4 Ethane 2 CH3CH3 Propane 3 CH3CH2CH3
Name # carbons Structural Formula
Methane 1 CH4
Ethane 2 CH3CH3
Propane 3 CH3CH2CH3
Butane 4 CH3CH2CH2CH3
Pentane 5 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
The names of organic compounds are determined by the IUPAC rules (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry). The stem of the name states the number of carbon atoms in the carbon chain of the compounds. The suffix, in this case –ane, indicates the alkane family.

17. IUPAC NAMES Hexane 6 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Name # carbons Structural Formula
Hexane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Heptane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Octane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Nonane CH3 CH2 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Decane 10 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

18. More Alkanes H H Condensed Structural Formulas H C C H CH3 CH3
H H Ethane
H H H
H C C C H CH3 CH2 CH3
H H H Propane
The complete structural formula for ethane shows the single bonds between two carbon atoms and six H atoms. The complete structural formula of propane shows the 3-carbon chain with single bonds to the attached H atoms. To write a condensed structural formula, the H atoms are written as a group next to their respective C atoms.

19. Learning Check Alk1 A. What is the condensed formula for H H H H
H C C C C H
B. What is its molecular formula?
C. What is its name?

20. What is the
General formula
for Alkanes?
Cn H2n+2

21. Isomers Same formula with a different structure -C-C-C-C- VS -C-C-C- C
straight branched
Both are C4 H10, but they have different chemical and physical properties

22. Isomers Straight chain alkanes: Branched chain alkanes: Isomers:
An alkane that has all its carbons connected in a row.
Branched chain alkanes:
An alkane that has a branching connection of carbons.
Isomers:
Compounds with same molecular formula but different structures.

23. Nomenclature or names of compounds
Alkanes

24. IUPAC Rules for Alkane Nomenclature
 Find and name the longest continuous carbon chain
 Number the chain consecutively
Identify and name groups attached to this chain
 Designate the location of each substituent group with the number of the carbon parent chain
 Assemble the name, listing groups in alphabetical order.    

25. Step 1. Find the parent chain.
Where is the longest continuous chain of carbons?

26. Endings Alkanes (all C-C single bonded parent chain) end in –ane
Methane CH4
Ethane C2H6
Propane C3H8
Attached carbon groups (substituents) end in –yl
Methyl CH3 -
Ethyl CH3CH2-
Propyl CH3CH2CH2 –     
3-ethylpentane

27. Step 2. Number the parent chain.
Number the parent chain so that the attached groups are on the lowest numbers
Methyl is on carbon #2 of the parent chain
Methyl is on carbon #4 of the parent chain
GREEN is the right way for this one! 2 7 1
Groups on 2 and 5
Groups on 4, 6, and 7
Groups on 2, 3, and 5
Groups on 3 and 6

28. Step 3. Name the attached groups.
Carbon (alkyl) groups
Methyl CH3 -
Ethyl CH3CH2-
Propyl CH3CH2CH2 –
Halogens
Fluoro (F-)
Chloro (Cl-)
Bromo (Br-)
Iodo (I-)

29. Step 4. Designate where the group is attached to the parent chain.
Use the numbers of the parent chain from step 2 to designate the location of the attached groups to the parent chain.
2-methyl

30. Step 5. Alphabetize the groups, combine like groups, and assemble.
The prefixes di, tri, tetra etc., used to designate several groups of the same kind
Prefixes are not considered when alphabetizing (Example: dimethyl = m for alphabetizing)
Parent chain goes LAST
1,1,1-trichloro-1-fluoromethane
1,1-dichloro-1,1-difluoromethane

31. Draw Some Simple Alkanes
2-methylpentane
3-ethylhexane
2,2-dimethylbutane
2,3-dimethylbutane

32. Structural Formulas “Lazy” way to write the Hydrogens
Instead of drawing the bonds, just state how many hydrogens are attached
NOTE: The bonds are between CARBONS in a parent chain, and not hydrogens!
Structural Formula
Lewis Structure

33. Order of Priority
IN A TIE, halogens get the lower number before alkyl groups
4-chloro-2-methylpentane or 2-chloro-4-methylpentane?

34. Order of Priority
IN A TIE between SIMILAR GROUPS, the group lower ALPHABETICALLY gets the lower number
4-bromo-2-chloropentane or 2-bromo-4-chloropentane ?

36. Alkanes
Example: Name the following compounds:

37. Alkanes
Example: Write the condensed structure for the following compounds:
3,3-dimethylpentane
2-methyl-4-sec-butyloctane
1,2-dichloro-3-methylheptane