1. Ch. 4 - The Industrial Age

2. Section 1 -The Second Industrial Revolution
Video - The Beginning of the Industrial Revolution
The Big Idea
The Second Industrial Revolution led to new sources of power and advances in transportation and communication.
Main Ideas
Breakthroughs in steel processing led to a boom in railroad construction.
Advances in the use of oil and electricity improved communications and transportation.
A rush of inventions changed Americans' lives.

3. The Second Industrial Revolution
Main idea 1: Breakthroughs in steel processing led to a boom in railroad construction.
Technological advances were important to Second Industrial Revolution, period of rapid growth in U.S. manufacturing in late 1800s
Bessemer process - invented mid-1850s, allowed steel to be produced quickly and cheaply.
Helped increase steel production from 77,000 tons in to more than 1 million tons in 1879

4. The Second Industrial Revolution
As steel dropped in price, so did the cost of building railroads, generating a boom in railroad construction.
Growth of railroads helped the country expand and prosper.

5. Railroads in 1860

6. Railroads in 1880

7. The Second Industrial Revolution:
Main idea 2: Advances in the use of oil and electricity improved communications and transportation.
Chemists invented a way to convert crude oil into fuel called kerosene in the 1850s.
Kerosene, which could be used for cooking, heating, and lighting, created a demand for oil.
A huge oil industry developed after a way to pump oil from the ground was developed in 1859.

8. Development of Electricity
Invention
Inventor Thomas Edison, who held more than 1,000 patents, worked to invent an electric light.
Edison and his team introduced the first practical electric light bulb in 1879.*
Edison created a power company to distribute electricity, but could not send it over long distances.
George Westinghouse built a power system that could send electricity many miles across the country.

9. The Second Industrial Revolution
Main idea 3: A rush of inventions changed Americans' lives.
New telegraph technology connected the U.S. with Britain by cable in 1866.
Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone in 1876.
Telephones were rapidly adopted, the number rising from 55,000 in 1880 to almost 1.5 million in 1900.

10. Early Telephones

11. Automobiles and Planes
The automobile industry grew in steps.
German engineer invented the gasoline-powered engine.
The United States built its first practical motorcar.
Wilbur and Orville Wright invented an airplane powered by a gas engine in 1903.
Who really invented the airplane?

12. Automobiles and Planes
Henry Ford introduced the Model T.
Ford was first to implement the moving assembly line in manufacturing, making cars more affordable.
History Channel - Assembly Line: Then and Now
Henry Ford's Motor Company

13. Section 2 – Big Business The Big Idea
The growth of big business in the late 1800s led to the creation of monopolies.
Main Ideas
The rise of corporations and powerful business leaders led to the dominance of big business in the United States.
People and the government began to question the methods of big business.

14. Big Business
Main idea 1: The rise of corporations and powerful business leaders led to the dominance of big business in the United States.
Many entrepreneurs formed their businesses in the late 1800s as corporations, or businesses that sell portions of ownership called stock shares.
Stock holders could sell stock whenever they wanted so many people invested in corporations.
Corporate leaders were widely respected in American society.

15. Business Leaders Andrew Carnegie
One of most admired businesspeople of the time
Focused on steelmaking
Used vertical integration, owning businesses involved in each step of manufacturing, to lower costs.

16. Business Leaders John D. Rockefeller
Standard Oil Company was country's largest refinery
Developed horizontal integration, owning all businesses in a field
Formed a trust, grouping many companies under a single board

17. Business Leaders Leland Stanford
Made fortune selling equipment to miners
Governor of California, one of founders of Central Pacific Railroad, and founder of Stanford University

18. Big Business
Main idea 2: People and the government began to question the methods of big business.
Concerned about child labor, low wages, and poor working conditions
Factory workers worked and lived in terrible conditions.
Workers usually worked very long hours hour days with little pay. Most lived in squalor.
The work was very dangerous. There were few safety regulations and the machines moved very fast and could easily pull in limbs and clothing.
Factory owners rarely faced any liability and injured workers received no pensions and rarely had insurance.
Other dangers included fire hazards and unsanitary conditions which spread disease.

19. Big Business Many business leaders believed in social Darwinism.
Darwin's "survival of fittest" applied to which human beings would succeed in business and in life in general.
Other business leaders believed that the rich should help the poor.
Carnegie
Rockefeller
Stanford

20. The Antitrust Movement
Critics said many businesses earned their fortunes through unfair business practices.
Used size and strength to drive smaller competitors out of business
Powerful trusts sold goods and services below market value until smaller competitors went out of business, then raised prices.
Some people were concerned when a trust gained a monopoly, or total ownership of a product or service.
The Sherman Antitrust Act - passed in Made it illegal to create monopolies or trusts that restrained trade.
The act did not clearly define a trust in legal terms, so it was hard to enforce.

21. Political Cartoon: Puck Magazine 1881

22. What does it mean?
Political cartoon from Puck magazine from by Joseph Keppler illustrating the dangers of monopoly. A snake representing Monopoly has the U.S. Capitol in the coils of its tail. The body has stripes with the names of prominent businessmen of the era. The snake's head has risen as if prepared to strike, threatening Columbia. At left Puck draws Uncle Sam's attention to the threatening snake, asking "What are you going to do about it?"

23. Political Cartoon: Standard Oil Octopus 1904

24. What does it mean?
The Standard Oil Octopus is an example of the control that monopolies had over the economy and the government. This cartoon was published in 1904 during Teddy Roosevelt's presidency. The octopus is controlling the Congress (upper left building), the state capital buildings (upper right building), the shipping (upper left), the railroads (under center tentacle) and other business owner or politicians (lower right corner). The only thing not under control of the octopus is the White House. President Roosevelt is using the Sherman Anti-trust Act to regulate the monopolies. This means that there is no longer "Laissez Faire Economics."

25. Section 3 – Industrial Workers
The Big Idea
Changes in the workplace led to a rise in labor unions and workers' strikes.
Main Ideas
The desire to maximize profits and become more efficient led to poor working conditions.
Workers began to organize and demand improvements in working conditions and pay.
Labor strikes often turned violent and failed to accomplish their goals.

26. Industrial Workers
Main idea 1: The desire to maximize profits and become more efficient led to poor working conditions.
Several factors led to a decline in the quality of working conditions in the late 1800s.
Machines and unskilled workers replaced skilled craftspeople.
These low-paid workers could easily be replaced. They brought costs down and caused production to rise.
Frederick W. Taylor, an efficiency expert, published The Principles of Scientific Management in 1909.
Encouraged managers to view workers as interchangeable parts
Injuries increased, and conditions worsened.
Workers looked for ways to bring about change.

27. Poor Working Conditions
Small, crowded rooms
Specialization made workers tired, bored, and more likely to be injured.
Managers paid less attention to working conditions.
Stuffy air
Unsafe workplaces
Long hours
Low wages
No job security
Watch video American Experience: Triangle Fire

28. Industrial Workers
Main idea 2: Workers began to organize and demand improvements in working conditions and pay.
Knights of Labor
First national labor union, founded in 1870s
Pushed for eight-hour workday, equal pay for equal work, and end to child labor
Included both skilled and unskilled workers
Terence V. Powderly became leader in 1879 and ended secrecy of organization.

29. Industrial Workers American Federation of Labor
Organized individual national unions, such as mine-workers' and steelworkers' unions
Limited membership to skilled workers
Used collective bargaining, in which all workers acted collectively, or together, to negotiate with management

30. Industrial Workers
Main idea 3: Labor strikes often turned violent and failed to accomplish their goals.
Haymarket Riot – May 4, 1886
Erupted between protesters and police in Chicago
Resulted in decline of Knights of Labor

31. Industrial Workers: Homestead Strike
Strike occurred at Carnegie Steel Company in Homestead, Pennsylvania.
Resulting fight left workers and Pinkerton guards dead.
Homestead Strike Video
Pullman Strike
Began with workers who made Pullman train cars
Spread to workers who worked on trains pulling sleeping cars
Federal troops stopped strike.

32. The End