1. Kinship and Family

2. HISTORY AFFECTS PRESENT DAY KINSHIP AFFECTS:
MARRIAGE
RESIDENCE (WHERE LIVE AFTER MARRIAGE)
GENDER DIVISION OF LABOR
ETHNIC GROUP IDENTIFICATION
FAMILY LIFE
EDUCATION
DEVELOPMENT

3. HOUSEHOLDS (WHO LIVES TOGETHER)
FAMILIES
KINDS OF FAMILIES
HOUSEHOLDS (WHO LIVES TOGETHER)
FOOD PRODUCTION
STATUS OF WOMEN
MORAL GUIDANCE

4. . Birth “blood” = consanguine (consanguineal)
Marriage = affine (affinal)

5. Types of descent
1. Patrilineal (many African groups, Chinese, Semitic groups, some American Indian, etc.)
2. Matrilineal (some African, some American Indian, etc.)

6. KINSHIP TYPES continued
3. Bilateral (European, North American, Civilization of the Bow, etc.)--means two sides
4. Bilineal or duolineal (some groups such as Hausa)--means two lineages

7. Bilateral: “two sides” we have this
Four grandparents
FF, FM, MM, MF

8. Bilateral Kinship Each side--equally important, but exceptions
famous, geography, special feelings
demography, etc.
Shallow--only 2-3 generations
Patrinomy--takes father’s name

9. Unilineal: One line is selected
Different from our bilateral kinship
Determines matters of inheritence, identity, marriage mates
Usually either patrilineal or matrilineal

10. Patrilineal are about 80% of unilineal societies
Matrilineal are about 20% of unilineal societies

11. Patrilineal Civilization of the Spear, Forest, Cities,
Long geneaologies in one line
Other relatives are known and there are relationships

12. Matrilineal Civilization of the Granaries, Forest, Cities
Long geneaologies in one line
Other relatives are known and there are relationships

13. Lineages
People related by birth and descent and are able to trace the relationships
You are always a member of your lineage, never change, even after marriage

14. Lineages form specific groups of people
Divides everyone in the society into discrete groups
People may reside together or near by

15. Lineages
We don’t have them, but we use the word colloquially

16. Clan
Two or more lineages that trace descent to a common (founding) ancestor
Usually do not reside altogether
We don’t have them, but we use the word colloquially

17. Clans Some societies have a small number, Others have many
e.g., twelve
Others have many
they may break away (fusion)

18. Marriage
Relationship between two extended families, as well as between the man and woman
Arranged by family elders
Now, there is more choice in urban areas

19. Transfer of goods and property between the families

20. Bridewealth (bride price)
No one is purchased
Transfer of wealth (payment) from the groom’s side to the bride’s side to

21. Bridewealth Compensate for bride’s labor Legitimizes the marriage
Transfer rights in children
Strengthens the relationship between families and the marriage itself
Bridewealth

22. High in Patrilineal societies
Low in Matrilineal societies

23. Forms of marriage mono--gamy (most) bi--gamy (illegal form)
poly--gamy (multiple spouses)
poly-gyny (more than one wife)
surrogate (barren woman; no sons)
ghost (died before leaving offspring)

24. Polygyny Must treat all the same
Economic reasons--women in agriculture
Demographic reasons: higher male mortality??
Wealth and prestige
post-partum taboo on sexual intercourse

25. Polygyny (* patrilineal only)
*Levirate (marry brother’s wife after his death)
*Preference for large families, male heirs

26. Genealogies triangle for man (on left) circle for woman (on right)
square gender unknown (ego does not know it)
death line through the symbol
twins

27. Abbreviations M, F Z, B D, S, C no grands (use MM or FF)
no nieces or nephews (use MBS. FZD)

28. All geneaologies start from a ego (color in)
ascending generations A1, A2, A3, ...An
descending generations D1, D2, D3, ...Dn

29. Genealogies
Descent lines “go down”
Marriage lines “go up”

30. Siblings, twins in birth order from left to right

31. Marriage line

32. Divorce--line through marriage line

33. Death while still married

34. First husband divorced and woman remarried
marriage and divorce are listed sequentially

35. Polygynous marriage

36. Married couple and children

37. “Rules” All siblings belong to the same group
Same mother and same father offspring grouped together

38. Patrilineal Societies
Children belong to the father’s lineage
Brothers and sisters are members of their father’s lineage
Men in authority are Fathers

39. Matrilineal Societies
Children belong to the mother’s lineage
Brothers and sisters are members of their mother’s lineage
Men in authority are Mother’s Brothers (MB), not husbands or fathers

40. Unilineal type and Children
Patrilineal Matrilineal
man kids are yours
woman kids are yours

41. Unilineal groups-- like a corporation
Exist through time
Patrilineal societies-- men reside in same area

42. Who’s in the patrilineage?

43. Who’s in the Matrilineage?

44. Family types
Nuclear
Extended (many types)

45. Households: affected by the life-cycle
Just married
Family with kids
Female-headed
Children grown up
Widow or widower

46. Households Larger ones have more resources Pawning and fostering
Servants and apprentices,
Clients

47. Non-kinship groups Age grades, age sets Some societies only
separates parents and kids
membership other than from the family
Some societies only
Method of social organization

48. Most societies are collectivist
Group survival
Sharing tasks

49. Stateless or non-centralized
Broad and diffuse authority
Polity: legal zone, jural community
Heads of households solve disputes
Domestic units
Lineages
Cross-cutting links such as age sets

50. State or Centralized Chieftancy
Recruitment to office based on lineage principle
Disputes settled by hierarchical system
Can be multi-ethnic