1. Family, Kinship, & Descent

2. Lineage
Group of kin whose members trace descent from a known or demonstrated common apical ancestor.
E.g., in one biblical genealogy, Jesus is in David’s lineage (an apical ancestor) through Joseph.
Segmentary lineages: organized in a hierarchical structure, ranked according to the number of generations they encompass. Bedouin saying: "Me and my brothers against my cousins, me and my cousins against the world."

3. Segmentary Lineage

4. Patrilineage Descent is traced through male lineage.
Inheritance moves from father to son, as does succession to office.
A man’s position as father and husband is the most important source of male authority.
Example: Nuer of Sudan.

5. Kinship Diagram of Patrilineal Descent

6. Matrilineage Descent is traced through the female line.
Children belong to the mother’s descent group.
Inheritance from mother to daughter.
The inclusion of a husband in the household is less important.
Women usually have higher status.
Example: Hopi.

7. Kinship Diagram of Matrilineal Descent

8. Matrilineal and Patrilineal Descent

9. Clan
Unilineal kinship group whose members believe they are descended from a common or apical ancestor but who can’t trace the link through known relatives.
When a clan’s apical ancestor is nonhuman, it is called a totem.

10. Double Descent
Tracing descent through both matrilineal and patrilineal links.
Double descent systems occur in only 5% of the world’s cultures.
In these societies, a person belongs both to the father’s group and to the mother’s group, but the descent groups operate in different areas of life.

11. Parallel Descent
Kinship principle in which descent and inheritance follow gender-linked lines so that men consider themselves descended from their fathers and women from their mothers.
Includes inheritance from paternal aunts to brother’s daughter and from maternal uncle to sister’s son.
Creates strong gender identity and solidarity.

12. Cognatic Descent Bilateral
System under which both maternal and paternal lines are used in reckoning descent and inheritance.
Common among foragers and in Western societies.
Kin terms are the same for maternal and paternal lines (e.g., mother’s sister and father’s sister are called the same term).

13. Bilateral Descent
A Kindred. A group of people, traced through bilateral descent, related to the brother and the sister shown at the bottom row, center.

14. Cognatic Descent Ambilineal
A form of bilateral descent in which an individual may choose to affiliate with either the father’s or mother's descent group.
Membership is fluid as people can change their descent group membership.
With unilineal descent, membership is ascribed, but for ambilineal descent, membership is achieved.

15. Kinship Classification System
The emic system of kinship terms and the rules for using these terms.
Every kinship classification system classes some relatives together and differentiates them from other relatives.
Some systems have a small number of kinship terms, others have a different term for almost every relative.

16. Principles of Classifying Kin
Generation
Relative age
Lineality vs. Collaterality
Gender
Consanguineal vs. Affinal kin
Fictive kin
Sex of linking relative
Side of the family

17. Kinship Calculation
Kinship calculation is any systemic method for reckoning kin relations.
Genealogical Kin Types and Kin Terms
Kin type refers to the degree of actual genealogical relatedness. E.g. father’s brother.
Kin terms are culture-specific labels given to different kinds of relatives. E.g.s, “uncle”, “tío”.

18. Lineal (Eskimo) Terminology
Distinguishes 3 kinds of kin based on generation and gender and the nuclear family:
Consanguine:
Lineal (direct ancestors and descendants)
Collateral (all other biologically related kin; e.g. siblings, nephews)
and affinal (through marriage)
Most common system in Europe, Asia, and Western societies.

19. Lineal (Eskimo) Terminology

20. Irish-speaking Gaeltachtaí

21. Irish Kinship Quiz
According to the Irish Kinship reading, which one of the following is primary in determining kinship relationships in terms of “uncle,” “aunt,” “nephew,” “neice”,’ and “blood relative” (col gaolta)?
Relative age and generation
Lineality
Sex of linking relative
Side of the family
Consanguinality and affinality

22. Irish Kin Terminology
Irish terms mirror those in English, but aintin (aunt), uncail (uncle), nia (nephew), neacht (niece), and col gaolta (cousin) have more inclusive meanings.
Aintin, uncail, nia, and neacht refer to any relative whose age is of a great distance from the child or older person.

23. Irish Kin Terminology
Col gaolta (“blood relative”) is used for all relatives in your generation or those near your age.
Mo mhuintir (“my people”) is used for relatives people believe they are related too, but do not have enough information to determine how.