1. Metaphor vs. Simile
The comparison of two unlike things without using like or as
EXAMPLE 1: Broken heart
EXAMPLE 2: Light of my life
The comparison of two unlike things using like or as
EXAMPLE 1: as busy as a bee
Example 2: fighting like cats and dogs

2. Setting Definition: The time and place of the events in a story
Where and when?
You may not always know both time and place.

3. Pun: A play on words Two peanuts walk into a bar. One was a salted.
Which president was least guilty? Lincoln. He was in a cent.

4. Personification: Giving human characteristics to animals or objects
The waffle jumped out of the toaster.
The stars danced in the sky.
The run down house appeared to be depressed.

5. Paradox: a kind of truth that seems contradictory
Very similar to OXYMORON
Examples
Jumbo shrimp
Bittersweet
Nobody goes to that restaurant because it is too crowded.

6. Aside
A piece of dialogue intended for the audience and not heard by other actors on the stage

7. Soliloquy
Speaking to oneself, expressing thoughts, and no one is on stage

8. Irony: The contrast between what is expected and what actually happens
There are three types of irony:
Situational: a difference between what was intended and what actually occurred
Verbal: When the intended meaning differs from the meaning the words appear to express
Dramatic: when the audience knows more about the present or future circumstance than the character does

9. Foreshadowing Definition: The hints or clues of things to come
WHY USE FORESHADOWING?
To stimulate interest and create suspense
Helps reader prepare for the outcome

10. Conflict
A struggle between opposing forces, people, or ideas in a story, novel, play, or narrative poem.
Conflicts can be EXTERNAL (outside of oneself) or INTERNAL (inside of oneself)
TYPES of conflicts
Man vs man
Man vs society
Man vs nature
Man vs himself
Combination of any/all of the conflicts

11. Plot Development
Arrangements of incidents, details, and elements of conflict in a story
Exposition: the exposing or revealing of the characters and maybe the conflict
Rising action: the advancing movement toward an event or moment when something decisive is about to happen. (Conflict is definitely introduced)
Climax: The most intense or highest point of interest in a story. It sometimes includes the TURNING POINT (when the character turns toward a good or bad solution of the problem).
Falling Action/Denouement: The final outcome in which the resolution of the conflict is made known.
Conclusion/Resolution: The final outcome in which the conflict may or may not be resolved.

12. Tone
Definition: The attitude of the writer toward his/her subject, characters, and/or readers.
An author may be sympathetic and sorrowful, may wish to provoke, shock, or anger, or may write in a humorous way and intend to entertain the reader.
Tone is created through the writer’s choice of words, details, and can be verbal, situational, or dramatic

13. Point of View
Definition: The vantage point from which the story is told
First person: The narrative is told by a major or minor character in his/her own words
Third person limited: The author tells the inner thoughts and feelings of one character only, usually the main character
Third person omniscient: The narrator knows everything there is to know about all characters (thoughts, actions, motives, reactions)
Flashback: A device by which an author interrupts the logical time sequence of a story to relate an episode that occurred prior to the opening situation

14. Mood
Definition: The prevailing feeling that a literary work communicates to the reader.
Developed often through description of setting and the author’s tone.
Example: Edgar Allan Poe often establishes a mood of gloom and foreboding at the opening of a story.

15. Characterization: The techniques the author uses to develop the personalities of fictional characters so that they seem believable
. :
Direct analysis by the author of a character’s thoughts, feelings, and actions
Physical description of a character
Description of a character’s surroundings, such as the place in which he or she lives or works
The speech or conversations of a character
The behavior or actions of a character
A character’s reactions to events, situations, and other people
The responses or reactions of other people in the story to a character’s behavior, and in some cases, their remarks and conversations about the character
Any or all of the above

16. Imagery
Definition: Language that appeals to one or more of the senses and creates pictures/impressions in the reader’s mind
Appeals mostly to sense of sight, but can appeal to senses of touch, taste, smell and hearing
It uses figurative language and vivid description
EXAMPLE: “On she went. The woods were deep and still. The sun made the pine needles almost too bright to look at, up where the wind rocked. The cones dropped as light as feathers. Down in the hollow was the mourning dove – it was not too late.”

17. Symbolism
A person, place, event, or object that has meaning in itself and also represents something larger than itself, such as a quality, an attitude, belief or value.
Some symbols may have special meaning within the context of a story
A character’s name, for instance, may suggest his personality. “Prince Prospero” may be a name associated with a wealthy, royal, and prosperous character
The action of the story might be symbolic too. If a character took a long trip, it might symbolize his long journey in life.