1. Weeks 4 and 5
The Skeletal System

2. Objective 1: Bone Classification

3. Long Bones are longer than they are wide.
phalanges
humerus
metacarpals
Short bones are roughly cubical
carpals

4. Irregular bones do not fit into the other categories.
Flat bones are thin, with parallel surfaces, and usually a little curved.
rib
parietal bone
sternum
Irregular bones do not fit into the other categories.
vertebra
Os coxae
(pelvic bone)

5. Sesamoid bones are a type of short bone that form in tendons
patella
pisiform

6. Objective 2: Bone Markings
Bone markings are bumps, projections, openings and ridges on the surfaces of bones. They function as passageways for nerves and blood vessels, as points of muscle and ligament attachment, and as joint surfaces.

7. Projections that help form joints:
Condyle: rounded articular projection
Mandibular condyle
Ramus: armlike projection of bone
Mandibular ramus

8. Projections that help form joints:
Head: a bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
Head of humerus
Surgical neck of humerus

9. Depressions associated with joints:
Fossa: shallow, basin-like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface
Coronoid fossa
Facet: smooth, nearly flat articular surface
Costal facet

10. Projections for muscle and ligament attachment
Spine: sharp, slender, pointed projection
Process: prominence or projection
Spine of scapula
Zygomatic process

11. Projections for muscle and ligament attachment
Crest: a narrow prominent ridge of bone
Line: Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest
Median sacral crest
Inferior nuchal line

12. Projections for muscle and ligament attachment
Trochanter: very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process
Greater Trochanter
Tubercle: small, rounded projection or process
Greater Tubercle
Femur
Humerus

13. Projections for muscle and ligament attachment
Tuberosity: large, rounded projection which may be roughened
Tibial tuberosity
Epicondyle: raised area on or above a condyle
Lateral epicondyle

14. Depressions and openings to allow passage of nerves and vessels
Foramen: rounded or oval opening through a bone
Foramen ovale
Meatus: canal-like passageway
Internal acoustic meatus

15. Superior orbital fissure
Depressions and openings
Fissure: narrow, slit-like opening
Superior orbital fissure
Sinus: cavity within a bone filled with air
Ethmoid sinus
Ethmoid bone

16. Intertubercular groove
Depressions and openings
Groove: furrow
Intertubercular groove

17. Objective 3: Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone

19. Spongy Bone Trabeculae filled with Red Marrow Compact Bone
Medullary Cavity
Trabeculae
filled with
Red Marrow
Trabeculae are like the honeycomb;
Red marrow is like the honey
Compact Bone

20. Objective 4: Chemical Composition of Bone

21. Two Components of Bone Matrix
Inorganic Materials (hydroxyapatites) - 2/3 of matrix
Mineral salts
Calcium
Phosphorus
Compressional strength (hardness)
Organic Ground Substance (osteoid) - 1/3 of matrix
Collagen fibers
Soluble proteins
Tensile strength (flexibility)

22. In lab you will observe bone that has been treated with acid.
Acid dissolves minerals.
What effect do you think this will have?
In lab you will observe bone that has been cooked.
Heat denatures proteins.
What effect do you think this will have?

23. Objective 5: Microscopic Structure of Compact Bone
Central

24. The structural unit of bone is called Osteon or Haversian System

26. Haversian System (Osteon)
Central (Haversian) canal

27. Human bone is primarily arranged in a ringed pattern and is called
lamellar bone:
concentric lamella
Interstitial lamella

29. Lacunae (containing osteocytes)
Canaliculi

30. Lacuna (containing an osteocyte)
Canaliculi
Lacuna (containing an osteocyte)

31. Perforating (Volkman’s)
Haversian
canal
Perforating (Volkman’s)
canal

32. Be able to identify these microscopic components of bone from models and slides

33. Objectives 6 & 7
Know the
bones
And their markings