1. The Age of Imperialism (1800–1914)
Lesson 3 Europe and the Muslim World

2. The Age of Imperialism (1800–1914)
Lesson 3 Europe and the Muslim World
Learning Objectives
Explain how internal and external pressures shaped the Muslim world.
Identify the challenges facing the Ottoman empire and Persia.
Describe the ways Egypt tried to modernize, including the opening of the Suez Canal.

3. The Age of Imperialism (1800–1914)
Lesson 3 Europe and the Muslim World
Key Terms
Muhammad Ahmad
Mahdi
pashas,
sultans,
Genocide
Muhammad Ali,
concessions,

4. Reforms: Usman dan Fodio (Nigeria)
Unrest in Muslim Regions
In 1800, the Muslim world extended from North Africa to Southeast Asia. Much of this world was ruled by three giant Muslim empires––the Ottomans in the Middle East, the Mughals in India, and the Safavids (sah FAH vidz) in Persia. By this time, however, all three empires were in decline.
Napoleon’s invasion of Egypt marked the beginning of European contact with the Muslim World.
Reasons for decline of empires: governments lost control of land owning nobles, military elites, urban craft guilds.
Reforms: Usman dan Fodio (Nigeria)
Muhammad Ahmad claimed to be the Mahdi and resisted British expansion.
Wahhabi (Saudi Arabia) movement rejected schools of theology and law from the Ottoman empire and wanted to recapture Muhammed’s original teachings.

5. Unrest in Muslim Regions
European powers, through diplomacy and military threats, demanded special rights for Europeans in Muslim lands.
They intervened in local affairs, eventually taking over entire regions.

6. Unrest in Muslim Regions
Declining Empires
Muslim Reform Efforts
European Imperialism

7. Unrest in Muslim Regions
During the Battle of the Pyramids in 1798, Napoleon and his army captured the Egyptian city of Cairo.

8. Unrest in Muslim Regions
Analyze Maps Western imperialism gained steam at a time when the three major Muslim empires were in decline. In which empire might ethnic diversity have created internal challenges? Why?

9. The Ottoman Empire Declines
At its height, the Ottoman empire extended across the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Eastern Europe. By 1800, however, it faced serious challenges. Ambitious pashas, or provincial rulers, had increased their power. Economic problems and corruption added to Ottoman decay.
Ottomans lost the Balkans, Greeks, Serbs, Bulgarians, Romanians, and Egyptians to revolution
Russia attempted to control the Turkish Straits (Bosporus and Dardanelles) , which would give them access to the Mediterranean Sea.
France and Britain extended their influence over Ottoman lands in the late 1880’s.
Ottomans reformed by reorganizing bureaucracy and tax collection, building railroads, improving education, hiring Europeans to train their military, and sending young men to study in the West.

10. The Ottoman Empire Declines
Many officials objected to changes that were inspired by a foreign culture, so many sultans attempted to rebuild autocratic power.
The Young Turks felt that reform was the only way to save the Ottoman empire, so in 1908 they overthrew the sultan.
Due to Turkish nationalism, tensions rose in the Ottoman Empire, which led to the genocide of the Armenians.
Muslim Turks feared Armenian alliance with Russia so they slaughtered thousands of Armenians.

11. The Ottoman Empire Declines
Nationalist Revolts
Increasing European Pressure
Efforts to Westernize
The Young Turks
Armenian Genocide

12. The Ottoman Empire Declines
Midhat Pasha served as both governor of Bulgaria and Baghdad in the Ottoman empire. In 1876, he led a revolt that overthrew the sultan in Baghdad.

13. Egypt sold shared of the Suez Canal to Britain to
Modernization in Egypt
Egypt in 1800 was a semi-independent province of the Ottoman empire. In the early 1800s, it made great strides toward reform. Its success was due to Muhammad Ali, an Albanian Muslim soldier who was appointed governor of Egypt in Ali had helped to oust the French from Egypt. They were remnants of Napoleon's forces that had occupied the land for several years. The French occupation had disrupted Egypt's traditional government, which gave Muhammad Ali an opportunity to remake Egypt.
Muhammed Ali introduced political and economic reforms. (ended old power, seized huge farms, reduced the power of religious leaders, and crushed protest against his rule).
Expanded cotton production and brought Egypt into a growing network of trade.
Ferdinand de Lesseps built the Suez Canal( connected the Red and Mediterranean Sea, which reduced travel time between Europe and Asia).
Egypt sold shared of the Suez Canal to Britain to

14. Modernization in Egypt
repay loans.
British expanded into Egypt and influenced them to modernize, which led to many protests and riots.(indirect rule).

15. Modernization in Egypt
Reform Efforts
The Suez Canal
Becoming a British Protectorate

16. Modernization in Egypt
Muhammad Ali, the Ottoman governor of Egypt, sought to make Egypt a modern state.

17. Russia and Britain battled for influence in Persia.
European Imperialism in Persia
Like the Ottoman empire, Persia faced major challenges in the 1800s. At first, the Qajar (kah JAHR) shahs, who ruled Persia from 1794 to 1925, exercised absolute power like the Safavids before them. Still, they did take steps to introduce reforms. The government improved finances and sponsored the building of railroads and telegraph lines. By the early 1900s, it was even experimenting with liberal reforms.
Russia and Britain battled for influence in Persia.
Due to Russia’s southward expansion, Britain feared they would invade India.
This competition was known as the Great Game.(Persia, Afghanistan, and Tibet)
Britain and Russia wanted to gain control of Persian oil fields and other rights.
Persia supplied raw materials for European industries, while Persian industries declined.
Land was used for cash crops, which reduced local production.

18. European Imperialism in Persia
Persian governments granted concessions (special rights given to foreigners) in order to assist in modernizing Persia.
Persian nationalists consisted of middle class citizens who wanted to adopt western ways, and Muslim leaders who condemned Western influences.

19. European Imperialism in Persia
The Great Game
Tensions Within Persia

20. European Imperialism in Persia
Overthrown in 1925, Ahmad Shah Qajar was the last Qajar shah to rule Persia.

21. Quiz: Unrest in Muslim Regions
What is one way that Western powers gained the upper hand in Muslim regions of the world?
A. by imposing heavy taxes on non-Christians
B. by forcing Muslims to convert to Christianity
C. by sending troops to protect their interests
D. by establishing colonies but giving Muslim regions control over local affairs

22. Quiz: The Ottoman Empire Declines
How were efforts to Westernize problematic for the Ottoman empire?
A. They were incredibly costly and significantly increased taxes.
B. Adoption of Western styles of government led to resentment of foreign influence and increased tensions.
C. They were unpopular with the majority of people and ineffective.
D. They led to violent uprisings and militant extremist influences.

23. Quiz: Modernization in Egypt
How did Egypt fall under British control?
A. Egyptian nationalists aided the British military.
B. Britain conquered Egypt through military conquest.
C. Egyptian nationalists refused to pay back British loans.
D. Britain expanded its economic influence and then made Egypt a protectorate.

24. Quiz: European Imperialism in Persia
For what reason did Persia attract foreign interest in the early 1900s?
A. Oil was discovered in Persia.
B. Persia offered very favorable trade agreements.
C. There were no taxes in Persia in the early 1900s.
D. Persia had a multitude of untapped natural resources.