1. Bellringer: 3/16 & 3/17 1. Pick up the papers by the door.
2. Take ~5 minutes to review for your quiz today.

2. After the quiz… Update your ToC:
118: Quiz – Islam, Islamic Civilization, & African Empires
119: Notes: Nation-States – England
Write down your HW:
Read pages 341 (start at “Evolution of European Kingdoms”) to 345 (stop at “Slavic Peoples…”) in your DUIKER textbook and take notes
Write your Dark Ages response (1-2 paragraphs)  will be collected next class!

3. Agenda: 3/14 and 3/15 1. Bellringer – Quiz Review
2. Quiz: Islam, Islamic Civilizations, and African Empires
3. Notes: Nation-States - England

4. Nation-States: England

5. Geography: Where is England?
Island nation
Where? Located off western coast of continental Europe
Climate: Mild
Topography: Plains and hills in the south, highlands to the north
Major river: Thames (goes through London)

6. Where does England stand at the start of the Middle Ages?
Britain = former province of Roman Empire
Late 400s: Western ½ of Rome falls  Britain invaded by Anglos, Saxons
Establish small kingdoms across island
Kingdoms = threatened by the Vikings

7. Vikings Defeated, England United
King Alfred of Wessex defeats Viking invaders
How? Builds walls, high fortifications to hurt Viking war strategy
Becomes known as King Alfred the Great
Creates/unites the Anglo-Saxon kingdom

8. Enter William the Conqueror
French by birth (from region of Normandy)
Titled as Duke of Normandy
Successful military leader

9. Succession Conflict: Who will rule England?
King Edward of England dies  2 people claim the right to the throne
Harold Godwinson
William, Duke of Normandy
English noble
Cousin of King Edward
Believed the throne should fall to him

10. Succession Conflict: Who will rule England?
Battle of Hastings (1066): William vs. Harold
William = victorious, becomes known as “William the Conqueror”
Crowned king of England on Christmas Day 1066
The Normans now in control of England (RIP Anglo-Saxon kingdom)

13. England under William the Conqueror:
Normans = in charge now  Anglo-Saxons resent Normans, their loss of power
BUT:
Parts of Anglo-Saxon culture are maintained (similar governments, continued to speak their language, which becomes modern English)
William gives land in England to Norman soldiers to control
Helps him put down any local rebellions by Anglo-Saxons
Encourages interactions between Anglo- Saxons and Normans  results in marriages, etc.
Performs first census in England since Roman times
Called the “Domesday Book”  counted people, animals, etc.

14. Enter King Henry II of England
King of England:
What does Henry II do?
Used English laws to increase his own power as king
Creates the common law system
Central court system created
Lawyers and judges trained to insure fair trials
Trial by jury introduced

15. Enter King John of England
King of England:
Son of Henry II
Becomes king after his brother, Richard the Lion-Hearted, dies
Places really high taxes on the people
1215: Forced to sign the Magna Carta (Great Charter)
Limits the king’s power, establishes Parliament, gives power the people, “no taxation without representation”, introduced habeas corpus
Influences Western governments/laws (like in the U.S.)

17. England vs. France: The Hundred Years War Begins
When?
Who fights? France and England
Why does it start? Tension between France and England builds up over time
Fight for 100+ years over land, trade route access, Scotland, etc.
The “spark”: King Edward III claims he should be king of both England AND France  France’s king doesn’t like this
Major battle: Battle of Agincourt (1413)
Outcome? France is eventually able to push English forces out of French lands back to England
The Hundred Years War was fought between England and France and lasted from 1337 to The war was a series of battles with long periods of peace in between. How did it start? Small disputes and battles had been going on between the French and the English for years. However, in 1337, King Edward III of England claimed that he was the rightful king of France. This began the long battle between the two countries. Other disputes kept the fighting going for over one hundred years. These included the control of the valuable wool trade, disputes over certain areas of land, and the support for Scotland by the French.  Read more at:  This text is Copyright © Ducksters. Do not use without permission.

18. England in the Middle Ages: A Summary
Rome falls  Invasions
Anglo-Saxons develop kingdom under Alfred the Great
William the Conqueror becomes king of England in 1066 after Battle of Hastings
Common law starts under Henry II
King John signs the Magna Carta, limiting the king’s power and giving more power to Parliament/the people
Hundred Years’ War = fight between France and England
England
France
Spain

19. Bellringer: 3/14 and 3/15 1. Pick up the papers by the door.
2. Take ~5 minutes to review for your quiz today.

20. Agenda: 3/14 and 3/15 1. Bellringer – Quiz Review
2. Quiz: Islam, Islamic Civilizations, and African Empires
3. Notes: Nation-States - England

21. Nation-States: France

22. Geography: Where is France?
Where? Located in western Europe between Spain and Germany
Climate: Dependent on where you are in France
Topography: Mountains in the SE, coastal in the S/N/NW, plains in central France
Major river: Seine (goes through Paris)

23. Where does France stand towards the end of the Middle Ages?
Last Carolingian king dies in the 900s CE (ruler is no longer related to Charlemagne now)
New dynasty established by Hugh Capet
Capital established in Paris
Hugh Capet elected king of France in 987 AD (after last Carolingian king died out)
Capitol in Paris

24. How does the Capetian dynasty gain power?
1. Political marriages
2. Conquest (war)
3. Took land from nobles after they died
How did they consolidate (collect/gain) power?
Married into families of nobility
Conquest (war)
Took land from dead nobles

25. Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453) What do you need to know?
Cause: Multiple claims to the French throne
New technologies: Longbow, cannon = make castles and cavalry useless
Result: France wins, England pushed out of French territory, France = unified under a single king (Charles)
What you need to know:
Cause: Multiple claims to French throne, Edward III of England and Philip VI of France
New weapons (longbow and cannon) made castles and cavaly useless
France wins. English expelled. Joan of Arc hailed as French hero.
France becomes unified under single king.

29. Joan of Arc: Hero of the Hundred Years’ War
Born in 1412 in France
Very religious from an early age
Begins seeing visions during adolescence
Claims her life/visions are inspired by God
Born January 6, circa 1412 in Domremy, France
Parents were Jacques and Isabelle d’Arc
Born the middle of 5 children
Argumentative nature and incredible common sense.
Very religious from an early age
Began seeing visions at age 12 or 13
Verbal and visible
St. Catherine of Alexandria, St. Margaret of Antioch, and Archangel Michael
Directed her religious life until age 16

31. Joan of Arc Goes to War Convinces French king of her visions
Given role in French military
Institutes army reforms  more Frenchmen volunteer for the army
Bans swearing, prostitution
Required soldiers to make confession to Roman Catholic priests

32. Battle of Orleans When: April 25, 1428
Goal: Lift the English siege on the city of Orleans
Result:
Victory  increased support for the French army
Joan of Arc is declared divinely inspired
Charles is declared king of France at the city of Reims
Advised Charles
Travel to Reims to be crowned
In the middle of English-held
lands

33. Joan of Arc: Capture, Trial, Death
Claims to have heard voices warning her of capture
Captured by the English
King Charles tries to retrieve her
Held in prison awaiting her trial
Trial discussed the “divine inspiration” behind her actions
Her religious knowledge is questioned (are the vision legitimate?)
Convicted of cross-dressing, being a heretic
Dies in city of Rouen
Burned at the stake publically
Was 19 years old at the time of her death
Prison account of eyewitness
Declared a “Relapsed Heretic”
Tied to a pillar visible by the crowd in the marketplace of Rouen
Cried out for Jesus
Many English were afraid of damnation for her burning.
Joan was 19 years old