1. 15 March 2017 Question – When does a republic become an empire?
Bellringer –Government Review
The Late Republic & The Punic Wars!
HW : Study guide due Tuesday
Test ~ Wednesday

2. The Late Republic
Section 10.3
World History

3. The Main Ideas
The late republic period saw growth of territory and trade.
Through wars, Rome grew beyond Italy.
Several crises struck the republic in its later years.

4. Growth of Territory & Trade
Within 200 years the Roman army had conquered nearly all of Italy
Mainly in response to outside threats
The Gauls (387 BC)-essentially the Gauls bullied the Romans so neighbors decided to join in…
Success was due to the organization of the army
Soldiers were organized into legions, or groups of up to 6,000 soldiers.
Each legion was divided into centuries, or groups of 100 soldiers.
Flexibility of the army allowed the Romans to defeat most enemies

6. Growth of Territory & Trade
Farming and Trade
Before Rome conquered Italy, most Romans were farmers.
As Rome grew, people left farms for the city
Large farms were built and worked by slaves
Trade expanded due to Rome’s increasing population
Could not grow enough food
Merchants brought food, metal goods, and slaves to Rome
To pay for these goods, Romans made coinage

7. Examples of a Roman Coinage
Gold Aureus of Roman Republic. c BCE. Obverse: Head of Mars. Reverse: Eagle on a thunderbolt.
Silver Didrachms of the Roman Republic BCE. Obverse: Janiform head of Dioscuri. Reverse: Jupiter in galloping quadriga driven right by Victory.

8. Hannibal and The Punic Wars
A series of three wars against Carthage, a city in Northern Africa, between 264 and 146 BC.
Punic means “Phoenician”

9. Hannibal and The Punic Wars

10. The Punic Wars #1 War began on the island of Sicily
After almost 20 years, the Romans forced out their enemies and took control of the island
Rome takes Sicily & then 2 other Northern Islands

11. Goodness, Hannibal hates Rome…
Hannibal was from Carthage, a city-state that was located outside of where Tunis, Tunisia now stands. Over time, Carthage took control of some of the most economically powerful colonies in the area. The city-state became quite powerful as a result. Rome didn’t really enjoy having any rivals for power in the area and, in 509 BCE, signed a treaty with Carthage that divided both the political influence and the commercial activity in the area. Despite this division of power, Carthage managed to become the center of commerce in the Western Mediterranean region.
Rome let this stand until 264 BCE, when the First Punic War broke out. Although it was not strictly between Carthage and Rome, they were some of the major players in the conflict. Enter Hamilcar Barca, a general who led Carthaginian troops in later portions of the war. Hamilcar Barca was Hannibal’s father. By the time he got involved, the war had already been going on for some time. Hamilcar was a fairly brutal man. He punished any of the mercenaries that had rebelled by murdering, drowning or sending them away.
Hamilcar trained Hannibal to be his successor and instilled in him a deep suspicion of, and hatred for, Rome. Hannibal saw himself as taking up his father’s fight against Rome. There were many stories that came out of Carthage about how Hannibal had been groomed to take up the fight. Some state that he swore to the God Baal that he would continue to fight against Rome. It was said that the Carthaginians were willing to sacrifice their own nobly born sons in order to keep Rome from taking the city

12. The Punic Wars War began on the island of Sicily #1
After almost 20 years, the Romans forced out their enemies and took control of the island
Rome takes Sicily & then 2 other Northern Islands
Attack on the city of Rome (218 BC) #2
Led by Hannibal, one of the greatest generals of the ancient world.
Although one of the Roman’s fiercest enemies, he was never able to capture the city.
Rome heads to Carthage – Carthage calls Hannibal back
Rome wins this war
Carthage must lessen its military
Carthage must pay large war fines to Italy
Hannibal takes a place in government…then joins forces with another king going against Rome….he is surrounded…and then kills himself

13. The Punic Wars #2 Attack on the city of Rome (218 BC) #2
Led by Hannibal, one of the greatest generals of the ancient world.
Although one of the Roman’s fiercest enemies, he was never able to capture the city.
Rome heads to Carthage – Carthage calls Hannibal back
Rome wins this war
Carthage must lessen its military
Carthage must pay large war fines to Italy
Hannibal takes a place in government…
Then joins forces with another king going against Rome….
He is surrounded…
And then kills himself

14. The Punic Wars #3 Romans declare war on Carthage (140s BC) #3
While Rome is off fighting elsewhere…Carthage again grows strong
Rome has had enough & goes to Carthage to fight
Rome Wins and….
After the victory,
the Roman burned the city,
salted the fields
killed most of its people, and sold the rest into slavery
Basically, wipe Carthage off of the map
Took control of Northern Africa

15. Later Expansion
During the Punic Wars, Rome took control of Sicily, Corsica, Spain, and North Africa.
Controlled most of the western Mediterranean
MORE LAND…..EMPIRE?!?
Conquered the southern part of Gaul (120s BC)
Conquered Greece and parts of Asia
Romans were greatly influenced by the Greeks.
Adopted ideas about literature, art, philosophy, religion, and education.

16. Crises Strike the Republic
More territory = more problems
Rich were getting richer and the poor were getting poorer
Resulted in violence between the two
Brothers Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus (tribunes…remember what they do???) tried to help poor Romans by creating farms (on land the rich were illegally using as their own) and selling food cheaply 133BC
Purpose was to keep the poor happy and prevent rebellion.
Wealthy citizens opposed it and both Tiberius and Gaius were both killed for their ideas.

17. Crises Strike the Republic
In 107 BC, Marius encouraged poor people to join the army as more troops were needed. (for land)
Thousands of poor joined Rome’s army and the support gave Marius great political power
There is now a need to gain more land (expand the republic) to give the new troops land
Troops began to become more loyal to a person than Rome.

18. Crises Strike the Republic
Sulla came into conflict with Marius and a civil war began in Rome.
Sulla defeated Marius and named himself dictator…and what did we learn about him?
Spartacus, a former gladiator, led thousands of slaves to fight for freedom.
Took over much of southern Italy
Was killed in battle and the revolt fell apart
6,000 slaves were executed