1. Geography Geography has shaped the course of events in history.
Landforms, waterways, climate, and natural resources all have helped or hindered human activities.
People learned either to adapt to or transform the environments to their needs
What is GEOGRAPHY? It is more than knowing a lot of facts about places. It is more than knowing where something is located. It is about analyzing information to produce questions and solve problems.

2. Five Themes – Mr. Help 1. Movement 2. Regions
There are five essential elements to geography
1. Movement
2. Regions
3. Human-Environment Interaction
4. Location
5. Place

3. How do we use geography?
To begin with, we use different types of resources to help us analyze information about the world.
Globes – scale model of the earth – represents the most accurate depiction of geographic information. Isn’t very detailed. You wouldn’t use a globe to plan a road trip across the county or to find out specific details of a place.

4. Maps – a printed, symbolic representation of all or part of the planet
Maps – a printed, symbolic representation of all or part of the planet. Can show small areas in great detail.

5. Key terms
Hemisphere – earth is divided into halves called hemispheres (there are four total hemispheres)
Northern Hemisphere – everything north of the equator
Southern Hemisphere – everything south of the equator
Eastern Hemisphere – everything east of the Prime Meridian for 180degrees
Western Hemisphere – everything west of the Prime Meridian for 180 degrees

6. Hemispheres

7. What continent is in the:
Northern Hemisphere? Southern Hemisphere? Eastern Hemisphere? Western Hemisphere? Southern and Western Hemisphere? Northern and Eastern Hemisphere? Southern and Eastern Hemisphere? Northern and Western Hemisphere?

8. Latitude and Longitude
Lines of Latitude – or parallels, circle the Earth parallel to the equator and measure the distance north or south of the equator in degrees. The equator is measured at zero degrees latitude while the poles (tips) measure at 90degrees north or south. Lines of latitude north of the equator are called north latitude and south are called south latitude Note – These lines are parallel with each other.

9. Latitude and Longitude
Lines of longitude, or meridians, circle the earth from Pole to Pole. These lines measure distance east or west of the Prime Meridian, which is measured at zero degrees longitude. Meridians east of zero are called east longitude and west are know as west longitude. At 180 degrees is the International Date Line.
Note – Lines of longitude are NOT parallel lines.

10. Latitude and longitude – Latitude is always listed first

12. Class Activity
Using the United States placemat map, answer the following questions.
What is the approximate latitude of Chicago?
Find Chicago – is it north or south of the equator? (hint: are the number getting larger as you go north?) How many degrees north or south?
2. What is the approximate latitude of Los Angeles? Miami? Seattle?
Chicago’s latitude is approx. 42º N
34º N
26º N
48º N

13. Class Activity Chicago’s longitude is approx. 87.5º W
Using the United States placemat map, answer the following questions.
What is the approximate longitude of Chicago?
Find Chicago – is it east or west the Prime Meridian? How many degrees east or west?
2. What is the approximate longitude of: Los Angeles? Miami? Seattle?
Chicago’s longitude is approx. 87.5º W
118º W
80.5º W
122.5º W

14. How to write the absolute location of a place
You always list the latitude first, with direction (N/S) followed by a comma, and then the longitude, with direction (E/W).
Chicago = 42°N, 87.5°W
What is the absolute location of:
Los Angeles? Miami? Seattle?
34°N, 118°W
26°N, 80.5°W
48°N, 122.5°W

15. Class Activity Using the world placemat:
What is the approximate latitude and longitude of Dallas, Texas?
2. What is the approximate latitude and longitude of Atlanta, Georgia?
3. What is the approximate latitude and longitude of Washington, D.C.?
4. What is the approximate latitude and longitude of Minneapolis, Minnesota?
33ºN, 97ºW
34ºN, 84ºW
39ºN, 77ºW
45ºN, 93ºW

16. Absolute location
By finding the latitude and longitude, you are finding the ABSOLUTE LOCATION. For example: Tokyo, Japan’s absolute location is 36° N latitude and 140 ° E longitude
To be more precise, each degree has 60 units called minutes
For example – Chicago, IL’s absolute location is 41° 52' N latitude / 87° 37' W longitude

17. Finding what city is at a specific Latitude and Longitude.
What city is at 30ºN and 90ºW?
New Orleans, Louisiana
What city is at 39.5ºN and 105ºW?
Denver, Colorado
What city is at 39.5ºN and 89.5ºW?
Springfield, Illinois
What city is at 37.5ºN and 77.5ºW?
Richmond, Virginia
What city is at 36.5ºN and 115ºW?
Las Vegas, Nevada

18. Bell Ringer
What is the absolute location for the following: Sacramento, CA Des Moines, IA Concord, NH What city is located at: 43ºN, 116ºW 34ºN, 81ºW 33ºN, 112.5ºW

19. Why is it important to label the Latitude N/S and Longitude E/W?
If you don’t label it North or South, East or West, you can be in four completely different locations. For example: If you only wrote 41º, 74º, you could be : near New York, NY, USA (41ºN, 74ºW) near Valdivia, Chile (41ºS, 74ºW) near Dzhalal-Abad, Kyrgyzstan (41ºN, 74ºE) near Ile St. Paul, French Island ((41ºS, 74ºE)

20. Relative Location
If absolute location is the exact location of a place, RELATIVE LOCATION is the location of one place in relation to another. In order to find the relative location, you must have a reference point (usually something you are familiar with). In what general direction is the place in relationship to the reference point.
Example: Reference point is Downtown Chicago – Simeon Career Academy is south of downtown Chicago

21. Relative Location activity
What is the relative location of: Reference point is Denver, Colorado – What is the relative location of Cincinnati, Ohio? Reference point is Fargo, North Dakota– What is the relative location of Milwaukee, Wisconsin? Reference point is Austin, TX– What is the relative location of Little Rock, Arkansas? Reference point is Boston, MA– What is the relative location of Albany, NY? Reference point is Louisville, KY – What is the relative location of Kansas City, Missouri? Reference point is Omaha, Nebraska– What is the relative location of Portland, Orgeon?

22. Bell ringer – Use the map placemat to determine relative location for the following.
Using Oklahoma City, OK as a reference point, what is the relative location of:
Pierre, SD
El Paso, TX
Huntsville, AL
Fort Lauderdale, FL
Brownsville, TX
Amarillo, TX
Lansing, MI
Harrisburg, PA
Olympia, WA
Billings, MT

23. Using Scale
All maps are drawn to a certain scale. SCALE is a consistent, proportional relationship between the measurements shown on the map and the measurement of the Earth’s surface.
Small Scale – Shows a large area with very little detail
Large Scale – shows a small area with a great amount of detail

24. Small Scale map
How far is it from Saint-Laurent du Maroni to Saul?

25. Large Scale map
How far is it from Dorridge to Moseley?

26. Scale Activity (as the crow flies – STRAIGHT LINE) –
What is the distance from Chicago, IL to Rockford, IL?
What is the distance from Indianapolis, IN to Orlando, FL
What is the distance from Houston, TX to Santa Fe, NM
What is the distance from San Francisco, CA to Raleigh, NC
What is the distance from Detroit, MI to San Diego, CA?
What is the distance from Birmingham, AL to St. Paul, MN?
How many miles is it from Cheyenne, WY to Augusta, Maine going through Jackson, MS?
How many miles is it from Miami, FL to San Diego, CA going through Chicago, IL?

27. Types of Maps Political Physical Road Resource Topographical Climate
Thematic

28. Political
Focuses solely on the state and national boundaries of a place. They also include the locations of cities large and small, depending on the detail of the map.

29. Physical or Topographical
A physical map is one documents landscape features of a place. They generally show things like mountains, rivers, and lakes. Bodies of water are always shown with blue. Mountains and elevation changes are usually shown with different colors and shades to show relief. Normally on physical maps, green shows lower elevations while browns show high elevations.

30. A road map is one of the most widely used map types
A road map is one of the most widely used map types. These maps show major and minor highways and roads (depending on detail), as well as things like airports, city locations and points of interest such as parks, campgrounds, and monuments. Major highways on a road map are generally shown in red and larger than other roads, while minor roads are a lighter color and a narrower line. 
Road

31. Economic or Resource Map
An economic or resource map shows the specific types of economic activity or natural resources present in an area through the use of different symbols or colors depending on what is being shown on the map.

32. Climate
A climate map shows information about the climate of an area. They can show things like the specific climatic zones of an area based on the temperature, the amount of snow an area receives or the average number of cloudy days. These maps normally use colors to show different climatic areas.

33. Thematic
A thematic map is a map that focuses on a particular theme or special topic. They are different from the six aforementioned general reference maps because they do not just show natural features like rivers, cities, political subdivisions, elevation, and highways. If these items are on a thematic map, they are background information and are used as reference points to enhance the map's theme.

34. 1
Identify what type of map you are using. - Physical? - Political? - Thematic? - Combination?
Etc…?
Map of world dividing climate zones, largely influenced by latitude 5
If present, use lines of latitude and longitude to determine relative and absolute locations. 2
Read the title of the map to determine what the map is about. 6
Use your mental mapping skills to determine what part of the world you are looking at. 4
Decide what the colors and symbols represent by using the legend of the map. 3
Determine the orientation of the map by finding the compass rose.

35. Practice
The Middle Passage