1. Day 88 Objectives
Analyze the political gains earned by the Civil Rights movement for African Americans
Evaluate how the Civil Rights movement was able to achieve ESP goals

2. The Movement by 1966 NAACP CORE SCLC SNCC Who has been left out?
What injustices have not been addressed? What methods have not been used?
NAACP
CORE
SCLC
SNCC
Rural and South
Legal methods and nonviolence
Social with desegregation and Political with voting…but not economic and urban
What ESP injustices from the W.S. Paradigm did we destroy?
What methods did we use successfully?
Who did we represent within the black community?

3. African Americans in 1966 69% lived in cities
45% lived outside the South
>50% of nonwhites lived in poverty
Black unemployment was 2x that of whites

4. Other issues to grapple
De jure segregation has been addressed
De facto segregation in the North…
Job Discrimination
Housing Discrimination
Education Discrimination
Affirmative action
What 2 words get
introduced? “AA”

5. Context influenced different Issues, Methods, POVs, and Goals
for blacks
in the North
versus the
South
What about me and my people?
What about us?

6. Within this context, a different approach (method) emerges…

7. Black Power Past stewards?
FD (Slave Power)
Marcus Garvey
Piranhas argue
Why?
SNCC & CORE become more radical over time
Black Nationalist tradition that goes back to slavery
Many forms, but all agreed…
Interracial cooperation
Increased awareness of racial distinctiveness
Black Pride!!...
Dress, hair, names
1968 Summer Olympics
Gold = Tommie Smith
Bronze = John Carlos
Silver = Aussie…Peter Norman wore the badge in solidarity with the Americans

8. Nation of Islam Founded in 1931 by Elijah Muhammed
I join in 1964.
Founded in 1931 by Elijah Muhammed
Taught blacks to be self-reliant, disciplined, observant of a strict code of behavior and reject dependence on whites

9. 1925-1965 Childhood… Method… Success with NOI… Fallout with NOI 1964…
Worse racism in urban Lansing MI than in KKK Omaha NE!!!
High School teacher 
Method…
Did not advocate for violence but insisted that black people had to defend themselves, violently if necessary, from those who assaulted them
Success with NOI…
Fallout with NOI 1964…
By any means necessary

10. el-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz
Travels to North Africa, Middle East and Europe
Hajj to Mecca
Converted to traditional Islam & changed his name
New Viewpoints and Methods discovered
Less angry and more optimistic about the USA’s chances at a peaceful resolution to the nation’s racial problems
Put American Civil Rights Movement within greater context of the global Anti-Colonial struggle
Endorsed Socialism and Pan-Africanism

11. February 21, 1965 Assassinated by 3 men who were NOI members
Conspiracy theories on Elijah Muhammed and Louis Farrakhan
Early reactions to his death were negative
The Autobiography of Malcolm X: As Told to Alex Haley then changes the mood towards him

12. Closing Discussion
“Dr. King was a political revolution. Malcolm X was a cultural revolution.”
Assess the validity of this statement
What details from the readings support your stances?
What is missing from the movement today? How would we be involved?
Why am I so beloved and he is so disliked?
Or is the quote in reverse?

13. Violent Methods Emerge

14. Chicago 1966 Housing Discrimination march…
American Nazi party leader George Lincoln Rockwell and MLK

15. Harlem…Summer 1964
Small compared to what is to come

16. Watts LA…Summer 1965
Started white police officer hitting protesting black bystender
10,000 participants
National Guard needed
34 dead

17. 34 Riots in the Summer 1966

18. 8 Riots in the Summer 1967