1. TURNING TO CRIME~ THE ROLE OF COGNITION
ATTRIBUTION OF BLAME

2. ATTRIBUTION THEORY
Attribution theory explores how individuals "attribute" causes to events and how this cognitive perception affects their motivation.
This theory was first proposed in a book called, The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations by Fritz Heider in According to Heider, people behave as amateur scientists in social situations – we develop theories or ideas about why we and other people act the way we/they do and why things happen.

3. INTERNAL & EXTERNAL attributions
An internal attribution is :-
Internal or dispositional attributions assign causality to factors within the person, such as their own level of intelligence, or other variables that make the individual responsible for the event.
When we make an internal attribution we believe that whatever happened happened because of something WE did.
An external attribution is :-
External or situational attributions assign causality to an outside factor, such as the weather. When we make an external attribution we believe that whatever happened happened because of something SOMEONE ELSE did. Or, if no other people are involved, it happened because of factors external to us.

4. THE FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR
When we make an incorrect external attribution – we make an external attribution when we should have made an internal one
Can you think of an example when this might happen?

5. THE FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR & FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY
How is the fundamental attribution error relevant to forensic psychology?
It is suggested that criminals blame other people or other things for their crimes - they make faulty external attributions - they are more prone to make the fundamental attribution error than non-criminals

6. GUDJOHNSSON criminals make more attribution errors than non- criminals
developed an inventory to measure attributions of blame for crimes.
Gudjohnsson Blame Attribution Inventory (GBAI)

7. THE GBAI 3 basic dimensions are GBAI :-
external attribution –the thought that crimes were due to external factors e.g provocation, social factors etc
mental-element attribution –the belief that the crimes were due to mental or psychological factors e.g low mood or a temporary loss of control. Criminals scoring high on this dimension will see their crime as being “out of character”
guilt-feeling attribution –the amount of guilt or remorse the felt after committing the crime

8. FEELINGS OF GUILT AFTER COMMITTING A CRIME
Also studied criminals feelings of guilt after committing their crimes and the relationship with :-
the criminals perception of their crime
the type of crime committed
the personality of the criminal
the eagerness with which the criminal confesses to the police.

9. Other Researchers
Another commonly used scale is the Attribution of Blame Scale (ABS) developed by Loza & Clements (1991)
Both aim to measure an offenders :-
Perceptions
Understanding of crimes rather than the actual causes

10. Why is it important to understand WHY criminals do what they do?
It is important for establishing responsibility .
Assessing how responsible a criminal is for their actions has huge implications for prosecution and sentencing
It also has implications for the rehabilitation of offenders

11. REVISION OF THE GBAI Revised GBAI in 1989 to overcome 2 problems
1 - The original measured attitudes towards crime AND specific crimes
2 - Wording of the external attributions questions so that the “right” answer was obvious
The revised GBAI consists of 42 questions

12. FEELINGS OF GUILT
Which group of offenders do you think would report more feelings of guilt about their crimes
people who committed sex offences or people who committed other kinds of offences?

13. FEELINGS OF GUILT RESEARCH FINDINGS
Irving (1980)
Did an observational study at Brighton Police Station and found that sex offenders appeared to express more guilt than for their offences than other offenders
Gudjohnsson & Petursson (1991)
analysed the attributions and guilt scores of 171 offenders and found that sex offenders had higher guilt scores than other offenders. The 2nd most guilty class of offender was those who committed violent offences.
Gudjohnsson & Bownes (1991)
Found the same thing in a study of 80 offenders in Northern Ireland.
Table shows mean scores from the GBAI for different categories of offender

14. Any Questions?

15. Task Read Attribution of Blame study in your text books
In groups, start to think about evaluation points of the study ~ critically analyse it!
Caution with findings?
Strengths
Weaknesses
Application?
Summarise the Cognition section of Turning to crime in your notes
Complete the ‘check your understanding’ questions in your text books

16. Task
In groups, brainstorm evaluation points for the theories of cognition
Criminal Thinking Patterns ( ??? )
Moral Development ( ??? )
Attribution of Blame ( ??? )

17. Task 2 Application to real life….
Prepare a session of cognitive therapy to change thinking patterns
Something as simple as smoking / drinking
A criminal career or one of the examples from the news