1. Chapter 11
Agriculture

2. What is Agriculture? The Basics
Key Question:
What is Agriculture? The Basics

3. Economic Activities Primary economic activities
products closest to the ground (Extractive)
Secondary economic activities
Manufacturing of primary products into new products
Tertiary economic activities
service industry – connecting producers to consumers to facilitate trade
Quaternary economic activities
Information or the exchange of goods
Quinary economic activites
tied into research or higher education

4. Percent Arable by Country
Arable Land
Percent Arable by Country
Does the percent of land that is arable in a country determine the agricultural output or the calorie consumption in a country?

5. Agriculture
Agriculture – the purposeful tending of crops and raising of livestock in order to produce food and fiber.
Agrarian: A word used in reference to a society based on agriculture

6. Types of Agriculture Farming Plant Domestication Fishing Forestry
Livestock Ranching
Animal Domestication
Transhumance
Pastoralism

7. Types of Agriculture Subsistence Agriculture
Intensive Subsistence Agriculture
Market Gardening
Mediterranean Agriculture
Hunting and Gathering
Plantation Agriculture
Truck Farm

8. What is Agriculture and Where did Agriculture Begin?
Key Question:
What is Agriculture and Where did Agriculture Begin?

9. The First Agricultural Revolution… Domestication of plants and Animals
Where did plant domestication begin?
South and Southeast Asia
early domestication of root crops, up to 14,000 years ago.
Southwest Asia (the Fertile Crescent)
early domestication of seed crops, about 10,000 years ago.

10. World Areas of Agricultural Innovations
Carl Sauer identified 11 areas where agricultural innovations occurred.

11. Chief Source Regions of Important Crop Plant Domestications

12. The First Agricultural Revolution
Where did animal domestication begin?
Fertile Crescent
began about 8,000 years ago

13. The Fertile Crescent –
Where the planned cultivation of seed crops began.
- because of seed selection, plants got bigger over time
- generated a surplus of wheat and barley
- first integration of plant growing and animal raising
(used crops to feed livestock, used livestock to
help grow crops)

14. Animal Domestication –
- Relatively few animals have been domesticated
- Attempts at domestication continue, but most fail

15. Old World Advantages
Columbian Exchange: Transfer of crops from the “Old World” to the “New World” and from the “New World to the Old World.”
The crops listed below existed only in one hemisphere prior to the travels of Columbus… after the two worlds were connected, crops and animals and disease were transferred from one place to the other place
Old World Crops New World Crops
Wheats Corns
Oats Squash
Rice Beans
Rye Cotton

16. Old World Advantages Old World Animals New World Animals Food
Cows Turkey
Pigs Guinea Pig
Chicken
Burden/Labor
Horse Alpaca (llama) Ox
Camel
Donkey

17. Old World Advantages Old World Diseases New World Diseases
With a history of diseases comes a developed immunity. The exchange of these was deadly for the new world…
Small Pox None of significance
Influenza
Yellow Fever
Based on what you have seen, why did the Old World become more advanced based on its resource advantage?

18. Old World Advantages
Called the Columbian Exchange after Christopher Columbus:
Products transferred from Old to New and New to Old worlds show that the Old world had distinct geographical advantages that may have fostered the more rapid advancement of the Old World in contrast to the New World.

19. Impacts of the First Agricultural Revolution
Domestication of plants and animals creates surplus food supply and Free time.
Surplus food and free time creates specialization.
Specialization creates economics & hierarchy
Hierarchy creates civilization
Civilization creates: Gov’t, religion, knowledge
Impacts of the First Agricultural Revolution

20. Subsistence Agriculture
Agriculture in which people grow only enough food to survive.
- farmers often hold land in common
- some are sedentary, and some practice shifting cultivation
* slash-and-burn

21. World Regions of Primarily Subsistence Agriculture
On this map, India and China are not shaded because farmers sell some produce at markets; in equatorial Africa and South America, subsistence farming allows little excess and thus little produce sold at markets.

22. Settling down in one place, a rising population, and the switch to agriculture are interrelated occurrences in human history. Hypothesize which of these three happened first, second, and third, and explain why.

23. How did Agriculture Change with Industrialization?
Key Question:
How did Agriculture Change with Industrialization?

24. Second Agriculture Revolution
Introduction to Modern Agriculture The second agricultural revolution reached its peak during the hundred and fifty years from the post-Civil War era to This period saw the development of barbed wire, various forms of harvesting machines (particularly Cyrus McCormick's reaper), and the tractor -- first with a steam engine and then with a gasoline engine -- which replaced draft animals. The revolution's major impact was the reduction in the number of people needed to operate farms.

25. Second Agriculture Revolution
A series of innovations, improvements, and techniques used to improve the output of agricultural surpluses (started before the industrial revolution).
eg. seed drill
advances in livestock breeding
new fertilizers
Three Field system
Mechanization

26. Second Agriculture Revolution
Impacts of the Second Ag Rev:
Increased food production… First in Europe
Coincided with the Industrial Revolution
Spurred rapid urbanization
Created a huge population explosion (Demographic Transition stage 2)

27. Third Agriculture Revolution (Green Revolution… 1943-1970’s)
The third agricultural revolution, beginning approximately 250 years after the start of the second, has three distinctive features. The first is the removal of the lines distinguishing agriculture as primary, secondary, and tertiary activities. Farmers and agriculturists now engage one or more, including the primary activity of crop production, some sort of secondary activity such as manufacturing or processing the crops, and tertiary activities such as marketing and advertising their products through co-ops and other marketing organizations. The second distinctive feature of this agricultural revolution is more intensive mechanization; biotechnology is the third. Mechanization began replacing animal and human labor in the United States during the late nineteenth century. After World War II, mechanization spread to Europe and other parts of the world. Machines have gotten larger, more powerful, and more efficient.

28. Third Agriculture Revolution (Green Revolution… 1943-1970’s)
The third revolution began in the 1960s when a combination of technologies was made available in Asia and Mexico in an effort to improve diets in these regions. Publicists labeled this the "Green Revolution," and it has attracted much attention. But the Green Revolution is just one part of the exporting or diffusion of industrial agriculture. In general, we can think of this as the globalization of industrial agriculture or the development of a unified agricultural system that involves the majority of populations on the earth. Beginning in the mid 1940s when the Rockefeller Foundation sent U.S. agriculturists to work in Mexico with the goal of exporting technology leading to the increase of wheat production, the results were phenomenal. Within seven years new forms of wheat seeds became available. In the 1960s the effort was transferred to other countries. The man most associated with this is Norman Borlaug, who for most of the past five decades has been teaching the techniques of high-yield agriculture in developing nations. He received the Nobel Prize in 1970, primarily for his work in reversing the food shortages of the 1960s that led to famine in India and Pakistan in the 1960s. .

29. Third Agriculture Revolution (Green Revolution… 1943-1970’s)
The Green Revolution was based on the development of higher yielding hybrid seed varieties, a technology developed in the Midwest in the 1930s. The aggregate increases in production were significant. In Asia, rice production grew 66% between 1965 and India became self-sufficient in wheat production by the 1980s. In addition to the higher yields, agronomists developed plants that were shorter and used fewer nutrients to produce straw. The Green Revolution included the new plants - both higher yielding varieties and some with different characteristics -- irrigation, fertilizers, pesticides, and capital improvements. Successful farmers were those who were able to implement the entire package. Farmers unable to invest in the new technologies found their competitive edge in the economy at a disadvantage. . .

30. Third Agriculture Revolution (Green Revolution… 1960’s-1970’s)
invention of high-yield grains, especially rice, with goal of reducing hunger.
- increased production of rice
- new varieties in wheat and corn
- reduced famines due to crop failure,
now most famines are due to
political problems
- impact (in terms of hunger) is greatest
where rice is produced

31. Average Daily Calorie Consumption per Capita

32. Opposition to Green Revolution
Opposition argues Green Revolution
has led to:
vulnerability to pests
Soil erosion
Water shortages
Micronutrient deficiencies
Dependency on chemicals for production
Loss of control over seeds

33. Year Round Rice Production – - lands that used to be used for family subsistence are now used for commercialized farming with revenues going to the men. - women do the work of rice production and see little of the benefit because of the power relations in Gambia

34. Regional and Local Change
Geographer Judith Carney finds that changing agricultural practices alter the rural environment and economy and also relations between men and women. In Gambia, international development projects have converted wetlands into irrigated agricultural lands, in order to make production of rice year round.

35. Genetically engineered crops are yielding some ethical problems
Genetically engineered crops are yielding some ethical problems. In the semi-periphery, farmers typically keep seeds from crops so that they can plant the seeds the next year. Companies that produce genetically engineered seeds do not approve of this process; generally, they want farmers to purchase new seeds each year. Using the concepts of scale and jumping scale, determine the ethical questions in this debate.

36. C. Rural Land use and settlement patterns What Imprint does Agriculture make on the Cultural Landscape?
Key Question:

37. Von Thunen Model Von Thunen Model
What farmers produce varies by distance from the town, with livestock raising farthest from town.
Cost of transportation governs use of land.
First effort to analyze the spatial character of economic activity.

38. Application of Von Thunen Model
Geographer Lee Liu studied the spatial pattern of agriculture production in China.
Found:
- farmers living in a village farm both lands close to the village and far away intensively
- methods varied spatially – resulting in land improvement (by adding organic material) close to village and land degradation (lots of pesticides and fewer conservation tactics) farther from village.

39. Collective Farming / Planned economy

40. C. 2.Settlement patterns

41. Cadastral Systems Township and Range System
(rectangular survey system) is based on a grid system that creates 1 square mile sections.
Metes and Bounds Survey
uses natural features to demarcate irregular parcels of land.
Longlot Survey System
divides land into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals.

42. Dominant Land Survey Patterns in the US

43. Township and Range –
The cultural landscape of Garden City, Iowa reflects the Township and Range system. Townships are 6x6 miles and section lines are every 1 mile.

44. Longlot Survey System –
The cultural landscape of Burgandy, France reflects the Longlot Survey system, as land is divided into long, narrow parcels. People live in nucleated villages and land ownership is highly fragmented.

45. Agricultural Villages
Linear Village
Cluster Village (nucleated)
Round Village (rundling)
Walled Village
Grid Village

46. Village Forms

47. Functional Differentiation within Villages
Cultural landscape of a village reflects:
Social stratification (How is material well being reflected in the spaces of a village?)
Differentiation of buildings (What are they used for? How large are they?)

48. Stilt village in Cambodia
Buildings look alike, but serve different purposes.

49. Farm in Minnesota
each building serves a different purpose

50. C. 3. Land use/land cover change, irrigation, conservation (desertification, deforestation) Crop rotation Deforestation Desertification Double cropping Growing Season Intertillage Sustainable yield

51. Think of an agricultural region you have either visited or seen from an airplane. Describe the imprint of agriculture on this cultural landscape and consider what the cultural landscape tells you about how agriculture is produced in this region and how production has changed over time.

52. Key Question:
What is the Global Pattern of Agriculture and Agribusiness? Book Notes!!!

53. Agriculture and Climate
Climate Regions (based on temperature and precipitation) help determine agriculture production.
Agriculture Regions – drier lands usually have livestock ranching and moister climates usually have grain production.

54. Koppen Climate Classification System
World Map of Climates
Koppen Climate Classification System

55. World Map of Agriculture
Cash Crop and Plantation Agriculture
Cotton and Rubber
Luxury Crops
Commercial Livestock, Fruit, and Grain Agriculture
Subsistence Agriculture
Mediterranean Agriculture
Illegal Drugs

56. Agriculture Commercial Agriculture
Term used to describe large scale farming and ranching operations that employ vast land bases, large mechanized equipment, factory-type labor forces, and the latest technology.
- roots are in colonial agriculture
- today, global production made possible by advances in transportation and food storage

57. Advances in Transportation and Food Storage
- Containerization of seaborne freight traffic
- Refrigeration of containers, as they wait transport in Dunedin, New Zealand

58. Agribusiness and the Changing Geography of Agriculture
Commercialization of Crop Production
With the development of new agricultural technologies, the production of agriculture has changed.
- eg. Poultry industry in the US
production is now concentrated
farming is turning into manufacturing

59. Agriculture and the environment
Loss of topsoil
Chemical run off into streams
Loss of biodiversity and native habitats
Soil erosion
Deforesting

60. Loss of Productive Farmland
Farmland in danger of being suburbanized as cities expand into neighboring farmlands.

61. Analyze Figure Describe what areas of farmland in the country are the most susceptible to development, and explain why certain regions have more susceptible land than other regions.

62. Organic Agriculture Organic Agriculture –
The production of crops without the use of synthetic or industrially produced pesticides and fertilizers or the raising of livestock without hormones, antibiotics, and synthetic feeds.
- sales of organic foods on the rise
- grown everywhere
- demand in wealthier countries

63. Organic Agriculture

64. Fair Trade Agriculture
Fair Trade Coffee –
shade grown coffee produced by certified fair trade farmers, who then sell the coffee directly to coffee importers.
- guarantees a “fair trade price”
- over 500,000 farmers
- produced in more than 20 countries
- often organically produced

65. GMO’s Last part of the 3rd Agricultural Revolution
DNA changed to change the plant’s properties
engineered to possess several desirable traits, including resistance to pests, herbicides, or harsh environmental conditions; improved product shelf life, and increased nutritional value

66. GMO’s Generally by the core for the core OPOSITION???
Strong in Western Europe
Concerned about seed saving and cultural preservation
Health concerns

67. Fair trade coffee farmer in El Salvador grows his beans organically and in the shade, allowing him to get a much better price for his coffee.