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Plant Propagation Essential Standard 4.00: Examine factors relating to plant growth and development.
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Objective 4.02 Use sexual and asexual methods of propagation.
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Propagation The multiplication of a kind or species.
Reproduction of a species.
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Sexual Propagation Propagation from seeds.
Pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma. Fertilization occurs and seeds are produced.
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Germination Rates Percent of seeds that sprout
75 out of 100=75% Rate is affected by seed viability, temperature and moisture. Rates vary depending on plant and quality of seed.
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Seeds Plant depth depends on the size of seeds
larger seeds are planted deeper water small seeds from bottom by soaking Embryo Seed Coat Endosperm
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Seeds Plant seeds no more than 1 ½ times the diameter of the seed
Larger seeds are planted deeper Smaller seeds are planted shallow (Petunias) Water small seeds from bottom by soaking to prevent burying them
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Seedlings (small plants)
The first sets of leaves are called cotyledons Monocots produce one seed leaf Dicots produce two seed leaves True leaves are the second set of leaves Transplant seedlings when the first true leaves appear Before planting in the outdoor environment, reduce humidity and water and make the environment more like the outside to “harden off” plants
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Seeds to Seedlings
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Advantages of Sexual Reproduction
Fast way to get many plants Easy to do Economical
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Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction
Some plants, especially hybrids, do not reproduce true to parents Some plants are difficult to propagate from seeds
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Plants Started by Seeds
Marigold Impatiens Begonia Coleus Salvia Shasta daisy Pansy
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Asexual Reproduction Uses growing plant parts other than seeds
Types of asexual reproduction: cuttings layering division or separation budding grafting tissue culture
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Rooting from Cuttings Rooting media should be about 4 inches deep
Best time of day is early mornings because plants have more moisture Types of cuttings: stem leaf root
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Stem Cuttings 1. Start with sterile flats, soil, and tools
2. Must include a node. A node is a point along a plant stem where leaves or other stems are attached 3. Internode is the area between two nodes 4. Cutting is taking a 4-6 inch piece of the plant and forcing roots to grow 5. Using hormones helps speed up rooting
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Stem Cuttings 6. Dipping the cutting in fungicides helps prevent rotting 7. Herbaceous plants are soft-tissue plants 8. Woody plants are plants that produce woody tissue 9. Rooting media should be about four inches deep 10. Examples of plants that can be started by cuttings Herbaceous: geranium, impatiens, begonia, coleus Woody: holly, abelia, rosemary
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Gather all materials needed
Stem Cuttings-Step 1 Gather all materials needed
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Cut 3 to 4 inch shoot from stem tip
Stem Cuttings-Step 2 Cut 3 to 4 inch shoot from stem tip
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Remove lower leaves from the shoot
Stem Cuttings-Step 3 Remove lower leaves from the shoot
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Dip cut surface in rooting hormone
Stem Cuttings-Step 4 Dip cut surface in rooting hormone
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Thoroughly moisten rooting medium
Stem Cuttings-Step 5 Thoroughly moisten rooting medium
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Stick one or more cuttings in rooting media
Stem Cuttings-Step 6 Stick one or more cuttings in rooting media
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Stem Cuttings-Step 7 Cover with plastic wrap or place on a mist bench in a warm area away from direct sunlight.
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Once rooted, cuttings can be separated carefully and transplanted
Stem Cuttings-Step 8 Once rooted, cuttings can be separated carefully and transplanted
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Leaf cuttings Usually propagated from herbaceous plants
Midrib vein must be cut in order to make roots form Examples of plants started by leaf cuttings: African violet Philodendron Snake plant Jade plant
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Root Cuttings Should be spaced three inches apart in rooting area
A sand, vermiculite, or perlite mixture is a good medium for root cuttings Examples of plants that can be started by root cuttings Hosta Daylily
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Cuttings The best time of day to take a stem, leaf, or root cutting is early morning because plants have more moisture
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Layering Scarring a small area of stem to produce new plants
air layering trench layering mound layering
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Air Layering 1. Make an incision at the node of a branch
2. Dust with rooting hormone, place sphagnum moss in plastic and wrap around the incision, forcing roots to grow on the stem of the plant 3. Once roots form, remove below the new roots for a new plant Examples: Decora rubber plant, weeping (Benjamin) fig
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Air Layering
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Trench Layering New plants form at each node along the stem while still attached to plant 1. Cut a trench and lay a branch in the trench 2. Types of trench layering are simple, tip, serpentine Examples: grapes, clematis
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Trench Layering
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Mound layering Mounding the soil on a branch
Used for asexual propagation of azalea
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Trench Layering
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Division Cutting apart plant structures for reproduction rhizomes
tubers runners stolons suckers
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Division Used on plants that grow in clumps
Examples: hostas, daylilies, irises Also used on some grasses
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Separation Separating natural structures of a plant without making a cut Examples: bulbs and corms
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Grafting Joining separate plant parts together so that they form a union and grow together to make one plant. Wedge Graft Approach Graft
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Grafting Terms Scion-the piece of plant at the top of the graft
Rootstock-the piece of the plant at the root or bottom of the graft Tools needed: knife, tape, wax Plants must be related to each other and normally in same genus or family Examples: maples, fruit trees, sweetgum, pecan
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Methods of Grafting If the scion and rootstock are the same size wedge
splice whip and tongue approach
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Methods of Grafting If the scion is smaller than the rootstock cleft
side notch bark inlay
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Budding A form of grafting when a bud is used instead of scion
patch budding T-budding Chip Budding Chip Budding
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How to perform T-budding
Step 2 Step 4 Step 1 Step 3
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Budding Successful budding requires that the scion (top) material have a fully-formed, mature, dormant bud Rootstock has to be in condition of active growth “bark is slipping” Refers to vascular cambium actively growing and bark can be easily peeled from rootstock with little damage Example: rose
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Tissue Culture (Micropropagation)
A sterile environment is necessary for micropropagation A good way to get the most plants in a short period of time It will give you a plant identical to the parent plant Examples: impatiens, many flowers, vegetable plants
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Additional Terminology
Corm – enlarged, bulb-like, fleshy structure found at the base of a stem. Usually flattened and round. Gladiolus, crocus Rhizome – a creeping underground stem, usually horizontal, that produces roots and leaves at the nodes. Canna, bearded iris Stolon – creeping above ground stem that grows horizontally and produces roots and shoots at the nodes strawberry Tuber – Swollen, modified stem that grows underground potato Sucker – shoot or stem that originates from the roots
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Advantages of Asexual Production
Plants mature in a shorter time Budding is faster than grafting In trench layering, a plant forms at each node on a covered stem Some plants do not produce viable seed New plants are the same as the parent plant
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Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction
Some require special equipment and skills, such as grafting Cuttings detach plant parts from water and nutrient source Some plants are patented making propagation illegal
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The Uses of Biotechnology in Horticulture
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What is Biotechnology? The use of cells or components (parts) of cells to produce products or processes
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Methods Tissue culture or micropropagation Cloning Genetic Engineering
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Tissue Culture Uses terminal shoots or leaf buds in a sterile or aseptic environment on agar gel or other nutrient-growing media to produce thousands of identical plants
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Cloning Genetically generating offspring from non-sexual tissue
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Genetic Engineering Movement of genetic information in the form of genes from one cell to another cell to modify or change the genetic make-up
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Benefits of Biotechnology
Produce many identical plants in a short time Increase disease and insect resistance Increase tolerance to heat and cold Increase weed tolerance
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Benefits of Biotechnology
Increase tolerance to drought Improve environment Increase production Other genetic changes
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