1. Plant Propagation
Essential Standard 4.00: Examine factors relating to plant growth and development.

2. Objective 4.02
Use sexual and asexual methods of propagation.

3. Propagation The multiplication of a kind or species.
Reproduction of a species.

4. Sexual Propagation Propagation from seeds.
Pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma.
Fertilization occurs and seeds are produced.

5. Germination Rates Percent of seeds that sprout
75 out of 100=75%
Rate is affected by seed viability, temperature and moisture.
Rates vary depending on plant and quality of seed.

6. Seeds Plant depth depends on the size of seeds
larger seeds are planted deeper
water small seeds from bottom by soaking
Embryo
Seed Coat
Endosperm

7. Seeds Plant seeds no more than 1 ½ times the diameter of the seed
Larger seeds are planted deeper
Smaller seeds are planted shallow (Petunias)
Water small seeds from bottom by soaking to prevent burying them

8. Seedlings (small plants)
The first sets of leaves are called cotyledons
Monocots produce one seed leaf
Dicots produce two seed leaves
True leaves are the second set of leaves
Transplant seedlings when the first true leaves appear
Before planting in the outdoor environment, reduce humidity and water and make the environment more like the outside to “harden off” plants

9. Seeds to Seedlings

10. Advantages of Sexual Reproduction
Fast way to get many plants
Easy to do
Economical

11. Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction
Some plants, especially hybrids, do not reproduce true to parents
Some plants are difficult to propagate from seeds

12. Plants Started by Seeds
Marigold
Impatiens
Begonia
Coleus
Salvia
Shasta daisy
Pansy

13. Asexual Reproduction Uses growing plant parts other than seeds
Types of asexual reproduction:
cuttings
layering
division or separation
budding
grafting
tissue culture

14. Rooting from Cuttings Rooting media should be about 4 inches deep
Best time of day is early mornings because plants have more moisture
Types of cuttings:
stem
leaf
root

15. Stem Cuttings 1. Start with sterile flats, soil, and tools
2. Must include a node. A node is a point along a plant stem where leaves or other stems are attached
3. Internode is the area between two nodes
4. Cutting is taking a 4-6 inch piece of the plant and forcing roots to grow
5. Using hormones helps speed up rooting

16. Stem Cuttings
6. Dipping the cutting in fungicides helps prevent rotting
7. Herbaceous plants are soft-tissue plants
8. Woody plants are plants that produce woody tissue
9. Rooting media should be about four inches deep
10. Examples of plants that can be started by cuttings
Herbaceous: geranium, impatiens, begonia, coleus
Woody: holly, abelia, rosemary

17. Gather all materials needed
Stem Cuttings-Step 1
Gather all materials needed

18. Cut 3 to 4 inch shoot from stem tip
Stem Cuttings-Step 2
Cut 3 to 4 inch shoot from stem tip

19. Remove lower leaves from the shoot
Stem Cuttings-Step 3
Remove lower leaves from the shoot

20. Dip cut surface in rooting hormone
Stem Cuttings-Step 4
Dip cut surface in rooting hormone

21. Thoroughly moisten rooting medium
Stem Cuttings-Step 5
Thoroughly moisten rooting medium

22. Stick one or more cuttings in rooting media
Stem Cuttings-Step 6
Stick one or more cuttings in rooting media

23. Stem Cuttings-Step 7
Cover with plastic wrap or place on a mist bench in a warm area away from direct sunlight.

24. Once rooted, cuttings can be separated carefully and transplanted
Stem Cuttings-Step 8
Once rooted, cuttings can be separated carefully and transplanted

25. Leaf cuttings Usually propagated from herbaceous plants
Midrib vein must be cut in order to make roots form
Examples of plants started by leaf cuttings:
African violet
Philodendron
Snake plant
Jade plant

26. Root Cuttings Should be spaced three inches apart in rooting area
A sand, vermiculite, or perlite mixture is a good medium for root cuttings
Examples of plants that can be started by root cuttings
Hosta
Daylily

27. Cuttings
The best time of day to take a stem, leaf, or root cutting is early morning because plants have more moisture

28. Layering Scarring a small area of stem to produce new plants
air layering
trench layering
mound layering

29. Air Layering 1. Make an incision at the node of a branch
2. Dust with rooting hormone, place sphagnum moss in plastic and wrap around the incision, forcing roots to grow on the stem of the plant
3. Once roots form, remove below the new roots for a new plant
Examples: Decora rubber plant, weeping (Benjamin) fig

30. Air Layering

31. Trench Layering
New plants form at each node along the stem while still attached to plant
1. Cut a trench and lay a branch in the trench
2. Types of trench layering are simple, tip, serpentine
Examples: grapes, clematis

32. Trench Layering

33. Mound layering Mounding the soil on a branch
Used for asexual propagation of azalea

34. Trench Layering

35. Division Cutting apart plant structures for reproduction rhizomes
tubers
runners
stolons
suckers

36. Division Used on plants that grow in clumps
Examples: hostas, daylilies, irises
Also used on some grasses

37. Separation
Separating natural structures of a plant without making a cut
Examples: bulbs and corms

38. Grafting
Joining separate plant parts together so that they form a union and grow together to make one plant.
Wedge Graft
Approach Graft

39. Grafting Terms Scion-the piece of plant at the top of the graft
Rootstock-the piece of the plant at the root or bottom of the graft
Tools needed: knife, tape, wax
Plants must be related to each other and normally in same genus or family
Examples: maples, fruit trees, sweetgum, pecan

40. Methods of Grafting If the scion and rootstock are the same size wedge
splice
whip and tongue
approach

41. Methods of Grafting If the scion is smaller than the rootstock cleft
side
notch
bark inlay

42. Budding A form of grafting when a bud is used instead of scion
patch budding
T-budding
Chip Budding
Chip Budding

43. How to perform T-budding
Step 2
Step 4
Step 1
Step 3

44. Budding
Successful budding requires that the scion (top) material have a fully-formed, mature, dormant bud
Rootstock has to be in condition of active growth “bark is slipping”
Refers to vascular cambium actively growing and bark can be easily peeled from rootstock with little damage
Example: rose

45. Tissue Culture (Micropropagation)
A sterile environment is necessary for micropropagation
A good way to get the most plants in a short period of time
It will give you a plant identical to the parent plant
Examples: impatiens, many flowers, vegetable plants

46. Additional Terminology
Corm – enlarged, bulb-like, fleshy structure found at the base of a stem. Usually flattened and round.
Gladiolus, crocus
Rhizome – a creeping underground stem, usually horizontal, that produces roots and leaves at the nodes.
Canna, bearded iris
Stolon – creeping above ground stem that grows horizontally and produces roots and shoots at the nodes
strawberry
Tuber – Swollen, modified stem that grows underground
potato
Sucker – shoot or stem that originates from the roots

47. Advantages of Asexual Production
Plants mature in a shorter time
Budding is faster than grafting
In trench layering, a plant forms at each node on a covered stem
Some plants do not produce viable seed
New plants are the same as the parent plant

48. Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction
Some require special equipment and skills, such as grafting
Cuttings detach plant parts from water and nutrient source
Some plants are patented making propagation illegal

49. The Uses of Biotechnology in Horticulture

50. What is Biotechnology?
The use of cells or components (parts) of cells to produce products or processes

51. Methods
Tissue culture or micropropagation
Cloning
Genetic Engineering

52. Tissue Culture
Uses terminal shoots or leaf buds in a sterile or aseptic environment on agar gel or other nutrient-growing media to produce thousands of identical plants

53. Cloning
Genetically generating offspring from non-sexual tissue

54. Genetic Engineering
Movement of genetic information in the form of genes from one cell to another cell to modify or change the genetic make-up

55. Benefits of Biotechnology
Produce many identical plants in a short time
Increase disease and insect resistance
Increase tolerance to heat and cold
Increase weed tolerance

56. Benefits of Biotechnology
Increase tolerance to drought
Improve environment
Increase production
Other genetic changes