1. The first seedless vascular plants ________.
are also known as charophytes
are represented by fossil species such as desmids and stonewort
were rhyniophytes such as Cooksonia and Psilophyton
were microscopic free-living cells 1 2 3

2. The species that gave rise to plants were ________.
mosses
liverworts
hornworts
green algae 1 2 3

3. Select the correct statement about the life cycle of land plants.
a gametophyte is a haploid multicellular plant in which haploid gametes form
a sporophyte is a diploid multicellular plant which produces diploid spores
haploid gametes produced by the gametophyte fuse to produce a haploid zygote
the gametophyte is the dominant generation in angiosperms and gymnosperms 1 2 3

4. Seeds arose in the common ancestor of ________.
horsetails and ferns
gymnosperms and angiosperms
lycophytes and other vascular groups
bryophytes and lycophytes 1 2 3

5. In the bryophyte life cycle, ________.
the haploid gametophyte grows out of, and is nourished by, the diploid sporophyte
male gametophytes produce pollen grains which are transferred to the female gametophytes by insects
the diploid sporophyte grows out of the haploid gametophyte, and then produces haploid spores by meiosis
adaptations to land make it possible for fertilization to occur without water 1 2 3

6. The liverwort Marchantia produces gemmae, which ________.
anchor the plant in place of roots
live in tiny cups on the plant body until they are splashed out by raindrops and develop into new plants
consist of green, ribbonlike tissue making up the plant body
produce female gametes involved in sexual reproduction 1 2 3

7. Strobili are ________.
scalelike leaves at the stem nodes of horsetails
horizontal, absorptive, underground stems of whisk ferns
spore-producing structures on the tips of Psilotum stems
conelike reproductive structures of lycophytes and horsetails 1 2 3

8. In the fern life cycle, ________.
the inconspicuous gametophyte produces both sperm and eggs, which fertilize to form a diploid zygote
the dominant generation is the gametophyte
haploid spores are produced by the gametophyte
sori are sperm-producing structures on the underside of the mature gametophyte 1 2 3

9. Coal ________.
is primarily the remains of dinosaurs that lived in the Jurassic
is derived from early seedless vascular plants that lived in the Silurian
deposits are the result of sea level changes alternately submerging and exposing forests during the Carboniferous
is considered a renewable resource because it is still being formed beneath forests today 1 2 3

10. Calamites, which grew up to twenty meters tall during the Carboniferous, are related to today's ________.
club moss
pine trees
ferns
horsetails 1 2 3

11. Which of the following statements about the relationship of humans to seed plants is false?
evidence shows that Homo erectus hoarded wild food in caves and roasted seeds as long as 500 million years ago
humans regularly cultivate 3000 species as crops
humans, like pollinating insects, have been recruited by plants to aid in their propagation and dispersal
seeds we use as food are actually mature ovules 1 2 3

12. Cycads ________.
were diverse in the past, but today include only one surviving species, Ginkgo biloba, the maidenhair tree
are represented by a single species of Welwitschia that lives in deserts of Africa
are cone-bearing evergreens including fir, spruce, and juniper.
have pollen-bearing strobili and seed-bearing strobili on separate plants 1 2 3

13. The oldest tree is a
cycad
gnetophyte
conifer
ginkgo 1 2 3

14. Which statement about the life cycle of a conifer is false?
a single pine tree bears only male or only female cones
the mature sporophyte produces female cones with megaspore-containing ovules on tips of cone scales
a pine's pollen-bearing cones are called strobili
all of the choices 1 2 3

15. In the Mesozoic, conifers and other gymnosperms ________.
declined after a major adaptive radiation of angiosperms
declined before a major adaptive radiation of angiosperms
increased in number despite competition from angiosperms
evolved into angiosperms 1 2 3

16. The most ancient of the following groups of flowering plants are the ________.
water lilies
magnoliids
monocots
eudicots 1 2 3

17. Double fertilization in the angiosperm life cycle means that ________.
each of two sperm nuclei will fertilize one of the two eggs in the female gametophyte
in the female gametophyte, meiosis is followed by double rounds of mitosis without cytoplasmic division
one of the sperm nuclei will fertilize the egg and the other will fertilize the endosperm-producing cell
in the ovule, the endosperm-producing cell has two nuclei before fertilization 1 2 3

18. In angiosperms, the mature male gametophyte is ________.
the pollen tube
a pollen grain
an inconspicuous heart-shaped plant a few centimeters across, often found in the soil near the sporophyte
the strobilus 1 2 3

19. Kenyan Wangari Maathai won a Nobel Peace Prize in 2004 for her work ________.
vaccinating African children
developing pest-resistant strains of crops
supporting women's rights and planting trees
freeing child soldiers from their captors 1 2 3

20. If tropical forests are deforested, ________.
people can use the land for generations to grow crops and raise animals
sparse dry grasslands or deserts may replace the rainforest
the exposed soil beneath is rich in humus and organic matter
more incoming sunlight is absorbed by the earth 1 2 3