1. Plate Tectonics

2. PANGEA
In 1912 Alfred Wegener thought that all of the continents were connected as one supercontinent called PANGEA. This was about 300 million years ago and over time they drifted apart.

3. Continental Drift Theory

4. The Structure of Earth The Earth is made up different types of layers.
The Lithosphere is divided into large plates.
Convection currents in the asthenosphere move the plates.

6. Layers of the Earth
Crust: Rigid surface of the Earth. It can be between km thick, depending on where it is. 2 Types:
Continental Crust: Thicker parts of the crust (above the ocean)
Oceanic Crust: Thinner parts of the crust. Under the oceans.
Mantle: Between the crust and the core. Largest volume of the earth. Mg, Fe, O, Si

7. Upper Mantle: Solid part of the mantle
Lithosphere: Crust and upper mantle.
Lower mantle: Loose moving due to heat from the core.
Core: Outer part is liquid and about
2300km thick.
Inner is solid and mostly nickle and iron. *Believed to control the Earth’s magnetic field.

8. Tectonic Plates
The lithosphere is broken into 9 large, rigid pieces called plates.
The plates are all moving in different directions and at different speeds (from 2 cm to10 cm per year)

9. Plates meet at Plate Boundaries
There are 3 main plate boundaries:
1) Convergent Boundary
2) Divergent Boundary
3) Transform Boundary

10. 1. Convergent Boundaries
Occurs when 2 plates collide.
Oceanic plate is more dense and is forced under the continental plate.

11. When a continental plate has crashed into a continental plate:
Some of the rock in the Oceanic plate melts as the plate sinks. The melted rock rises up causing earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
Where they collide is called a SUBDUCTION ZONE.
When a continental plate has crashed into a continental plate:
The 2 continental plates are the same density.
This causes folding and bending of the plates as well as earthquakes.
Continental plates are folded into mountains.

12. Example of a Convergent Plate Boundary
South America:
Oceanic Nazca Plate collides into the South America plate.
Formed the Andes Mountains (volcanoes along the mountain crest)
Formed a deep trench off the coast in the Pacific Ocean.
SUBDUCTION AT A PLATE BOUNDARY Animation

13. Divergent Plate Boundaries
Plates are being pulled apart by convection currents in the mantle.
As the plates separate along the boundary, the block between the faults cracks .
Magma from the mantle rises through the cracks.
This cools and new crust is formed along the boundary.
Earthquakes occur along the faults, and volcanoes form where the magma reaches the surface.

14. Mid Atlantic Ridge Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a Divergent Plate Boundary.
Over km long.
Average height of 3km.
Sea-Floor Spreading Animation.
Formation of Oceanic Crust Animation.

15. Example of a Divergent Plate Boundary
The Process of Rifting

16. Transform Boundary Places where plates slide past each other.
Transform boundaries are not marked by spectacular surface features, their sliding motion causes lots of earthquakes.
Example: San Andreas Fault, shown in the drawing to the right.
The slice of California to the west of the fault is slowly moving north relative to the rest of California.

18. HOT SPOT VOLCANOES
Animation