1. UNIT 9 Computer architecture
Ies Arabuleila
Dto Tecnología
Computer architecture Part1
D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero

2. Computer architecture
Hardware and Software
Hardware
the physical, tangible parts of a computer
keyboard, monitor, disks, wires, chips, etc.
Software
programs and data
a program is a series of instructions
A computer requires both hardware and software
Each is essentially useless without the other
Computer architecture Part1
D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero
6/2/2018

3. Computer architecture
All computers have the same structure
*Input / Output Devices
introduce or show results
*Memory
It stores the
Information
Monitor
Keyboard
Main
Memory
Central
Processing
Unit
*CPU
Processes the data.
Computer architecture Part1
D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero
6/2/2018

4. Computer architecture
Digital Information
The smallest data unit in computers is the bit.
Information units
1byte (B) = 8 bits e.g.( )
1kilobyte (KB) = 1024 bytes
1megabyte (MB) = 1024 KB
1gigabyte (GB) = 1024 MB
1terabyte (TB) = 1024 GB
In some way, all information is digitized - broken down into pieces and represented as numbers
Computer architecture Part1
D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero
6/2/2018

5. Computer architecture
For example, every character is stored as a number, including spaces, digits, and punctuation.
Corresponding upper and lower case letters are separate characters.
For example the word hello is stored
h → =
e → =
l → =
o→ =
Computer architecture Part1
D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero
6/2/2018

6. Computer architecture
The inside of PC
Storage units.
Power supply.
Expansion cards.
RAM memory.
Main board.
Microprocessor. executes program commands.
Chipset (control, input/output devices).
BIOS It is a ROM memory, which contains the boot program.
Connecting elements. Memory modules, expansion card, ports, drives….
Computer architecture - Part1
D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero
6/2/2018

7. The Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Microprocessor system
The Central Processing Unit (CPU)
A CPU is on a chip called a microprocessor
It continuously follows the fetch-decode-execute cycle:
fetch
Retrieve an instruction from main memory
decode
Determine what the
instruction is
execute
Carry out the
instruction
Computer architecture - PartII
D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero
6/2/2018

8. The Central Processing Unit
Microprocessor system
The Central Processing Unit
The CPU contains:
Performs calculations and makes decisions
Arithmetic / Logic Unit
Coordinates processing steps
Control Unit
Small storage areas
Registers
Computer architecture - PartII
D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero
6/2/2018

9. The Central Processing Unit
Microprocessor system
The Central Processing Unit
The speed of a CPU is controlled by the system clock
The system clock generates an electronic pulse at regular intervals
The pulses coordinate the activities of the CPU
The speed is usually measured in gigahertz (GHz)
Computer architecture - PartII
D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero
6/2/2018

10. Microprocessor system
Main characteristics
clock frequency.
data size.
number of transistors.
power or energy consumed.
operations per second.
memory that can process.
Computer architecture - PartII
D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero
6/2/2018

11. MAIN MEMORY PARTS OF THE MAIN MEMORY.
RAM - Random Access Memory (direct access). Loads data and programs
The terms RAM and main memory are basically interchangeable
ROM –BIOS - Read-Only Memory (storage start program)
RAM-CMOS stores information about computer configuration.
Cache memory, is faster, store data and instructions for immediate use
Computer architecture - PartII
D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero
6/2/2018

12. Microprocessor system
Input / Output Devices
I/O devices facilitate
user interaction
Monitor
Keyboard
Central
Processing
Unit
Main
Memory
Monitor screen
Keyboard
Mouse
Joystick
Bar code scanner
Touch screen
Floppy Disk
Hard Disk
Computer architecture Part1
D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero
6/2/2018

13. Microprocessor system
System bus:
Communicates, the above components.
Inpunt/Output
Devices
Central
Processing
Unit
Main
Memory
Bus
Computer architecture Part1
D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero
6/2/2018

14. Microprocessor system
Bus model
Characteristic:
Data bus: transmits information
Address bus: transmits address
Control bus: indicates the operation, that needs doing
Inpunt/Output
Devices
Main
Memory
Central
Processing
Unit
SYSTEM BUS
Computer architecture Part1
D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero
6/2/2018

15. Microprocessor system
The evolution of microprocessors
Gordon Moore said in 1992, that the number of computers would double every two years
Computer architecture - PartII
D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero
6/2/2018

16. A Computer Specification
Consider the following specification for a personal computer:
2.8 GHz Pentium 4 Processor
512 MB RAM
80 GB Hard Disk
48x CD-RW / DVD-ROM Combo Drive
17” Video Display with 1280 x 1024 resolution
56 Kb/s Modem
What does it all mean?
Computer architecture - PartII
D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero
6/2/2018

17. Ies Arabuleila Cúllar Vega
Dto Tecnología
Computer architecture - PartII
D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero
6/2/2018