1. UNITS 4 AND 6
THE IBERIAN PENINSULA
FROM 8TH TO 15TH CENTURIES

2. IN THIS UNIT YOU WILL… How the Muslims conquered the Iberian Peninsula
Study the political evolution of Al-Andalus
Identify the main economic, social and cultural
characteristics of Al-Andals
Learn about the emergence and expansion
of the Christian Kingdoms
Learn about the emergence and expansion
of the Christian Kingdoms during the Reconquest
Identify the main characteristics of the
culture of the period

3. AL-ANDALUS

4. NASRID KINGDOM OF GRANADA
TIMELINE
DEPENDENT
EMIRATE
INDEPENDENT
CALIFPHATE OF CORDOBA
TAIFA KINGDOMS,
NORTH AFRICAN EMPIRES
NASRID KINGDOM OF GRANADA
INACCURATE!!!
WHY???

5. CORRECT!!!

6. THE CONQUEST (711-756) REASONS WHY THE MUSLIMS WERE SUCCESSFUL
ARAB AND BERBER FORCES CROSSED OVER FROM NORTH AFRICA TO THE IBERIAN PENINSULA IN 711.
THIS MUSLIM ARMY DEFEATED THE VISIGOTHS UNDER THEIR KING RODRIGO AT THE BATTLE OF GUADALETE (711), BEGINNING THE ISLAMIC CONQUEST OF THE IBERIAN PENINSULA THAT WAS EFFECTIVE IN JUST A FEW YEARS
Thinking in groups and writing the possible answers…
REASONS WHY THE MUSLIMS WERE SUCCESSFUL
SHORT AND ORIGINAL INTRODUCTION IN SPANISH

7. THERE WERE TWO MAIN REASONS WHY THE MUSLIMS WERE SUCCESSFUL:
THE CONQUEST ( )
THERE WERE TWO MAIN REASONS WHY THE MUSLIMS WERE SUCCESSFUL:
RAPID ISLAMIC EXPANSION HAD TAKEN PLACE ALL ACROSS THE MEDITERRANEAN, SO THE CONQUEST OF THE IBERIAN PENINSULA WAS REALLY PART OF THIS PROCESS
THERE WERE INTERNAL DIVISIONS IN THE VISIGOTHIC KINGDOM, CAUSED BY CONFLICTS BETWEEN THE MONARCHY AND THE NOBILITY 1 2
ONE VISIGOTHIC FACTION (AGILA, WITIZA´S SON) ASKED FOR HELP FROM THE MUSLIMS OF NORTH AFRICA IN THEIR CIVIL WAR WITH RODRIGO

8. THE CONQUEST ( )

9. THE VISIGOTHIC KINGDOM OFFERED LITTLE RESISTANCE
THE DEPENDANT EMIRATE ( )
THE VISIGOTHIC KINGDOM OFFERED LITTLE RESISTANCE
IN ONLY A FEW YEARS THE MUSLIM ARMIESCONQUERED NEARLY ALL THE PENINSULA. THE NEW NAME GIVEN TO THIS TERRITORY WAS AL-ANDALUS, AND IT WAS INITIALLY UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE CALIPH OF DAMASCUS. ITS CAPITAL WAS CORDOBA
AFTER THE CONQUEST AL-ANDALUS BECAME AN EMIRATE: A PROVINCE DEPENDENDANT ON THE UMAYYAD CALIPHATE OF DAMASCUS. THE CAPITAL WAS CORDOBA

10. THE EMIRATE OF CORDOBA (756-929)
THERE WAS UN UPHEAVAL IN THE MUSLIM WORLD IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 8TH CENTURY WHEN THE UMAYYAD DINASTY WAS REPLACED BY THE ABBASIDS
HOWEVER, AN UMAYYAD PRINCE MANAGED TO ESCAPE FROM DAMASCUS AND REACH THE IBERIAN PENINSULA
UNDER THE NAME OF ABD AL-RAHMAN I, HE FOUNDED AN INDEPENDENT EMIRATE IN CORDOBA IN 756

12. THE CALIPHATE OF CORDOBA (929-1031)
ABDERRAMAN III PROCLAIMED HIMSELF CALIPH IN 929. FROM THEN ON THE CALIPHS OF CORDOBA WERE ABSOLUTE RULERS WHO HELD BOTH POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS AUTHORITY
THERE WAS A PERIOD OF GREAT CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC ACHIEVEMENT UNDER THE CALIPHATE.
HOWEVER, BY LATE 10TH CENTURY, THE CALIPHATE WAS WEAKENED AND THE GRAND VIZIER AL-MANSUR HELD THE REAL POWER
AFTER AL-MANSUR´S DEATH, THERE WAS A PERIOD OF CONFLICT WHICH CULMINATED IN THE BREAK-UP OF THE CALIPHATE

14. THE BEGINNING OF THE TAIFA KINGDOMS (1031-1086)
MANY SMALL KINGDOMS CALLED TAIFAS WERE FORMED AFTER THE END OF THE CALIPHATE
THE TAIFA KINGDOMS WERE STILL PROSPEROUS AND CULTURALLY ADVANCED
BUT THEY WERE MUCH WEAKER AND SMALLER THAN THE CALIPHATE HAD BEEN
CONSEQUENTLY, THE CHRISTIANS WERE ABLE TO MAKE THEM PAY TAXES, OR PARIAS, IN RETURN FOR PEACE

15. THE DECLINE OF AL-ANDALUS (1031-1492)
AFTER THE FALL OF THE CALIPHATE (1031) THERE WERE A COMBINED SUCCESSION OF TAIFA KINGDOMS AND NORTH AFRICAN EMPIRES THAT FOUGHT FOR MAINTAINING AL-ANDALUS UNITY. AL-ANDALUS TERRITORIY WAS DIMINISHING UNTIL THE NASRID KINGDOM OF GRANADA KEPT THE IT FOR A WHILE ( )
ALMORAVIDS
ALMOHADS

16. THE ALMORAVIDS ( )
THE WEAK TAIFA STATES LOST TERRITORIES TO THE CHRISTIANS IN THE 11TH CENTURY
AFTER THE CONQUEST OF TOLEDO (1085) BY ALPHONSE VI, THE KINGS OF TAIFAS DECIDED TO STOP CHRISTIAN ADVANCE BY SEEKING HELP FROM THE MUSLIMS IN THE NORTH OF AFRICA, FIRST THE ALMORAVIDS, THEN THE ALMOHADS

17. THE ALMOHADS ( )
THE ALMOHADS REPLACED THE ALMORAVIDS AS THE CONTROLLING POWER IN THE NORTH OF AFRICA
FOR A WHILE THEY STOPPED CHRISTIAN EXPANSION BUT IN 1212 WERE DEFEATED AT THE BATTLE OF LAS NAVAS DE TOLOSA
THE CHRISTIANS GRADUALLY CONQUERED THESE SAMALL KINGDOMS UNTIL AL-ANDALUS WAS REDUCED TO THE NASRID KINGDOM OF GRANADA
SEVILLA

18. THE NASRID KINGDOM OF GRANADA (1212-1492)
THE MUSLIM KINGDOM OF GRANADA, GOVERNED BY THE NASRID DINASTY MANAGED TO SURVIVE IN THE PENINSULA FOR MORE THAN TWO CENTURIES. THIS WAS POSSIBLE THANKS TO SEVERAL CIRCUMSTANCES
GROUP THINKING
WHAT CIRCUMSTANCES OR REASONS WERE THOSE THAT ALLOWED THIS KINGDOM TO LAST FOR SEVERAL CENTURIES??

19. THE NASRID KINGDOM OF GRANADA (1212-1492)3 4
THE GEOGRAPHICAL SITUATION, STRATEGICALLY DEFENDED BY THE BETIC CHAIN
THE PAYMENT OF TRIBUTES (PARIAS) TO THE KINGS OF CASTILLA
THE SUPPORT OF MUSLIMS FROM THE NORTH OF AFRICA
THE INTERNAL CONFLICTS AT THE CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS THAT KEPT THEM OCCUPIED

20. WHAT SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF THE ECONOMY WERE DEVELOPED WITH THE MUSLIMS?
ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
THE MUSLIMS ACHIEVED A HIGH LEVEL OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN AGRICULTURE, CRAFTMANSHIP AND TRADE
GROUP DISCUSSION!!
WHAT SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF THE ECONOMY WERE DEVELOPED WITH THE MUSLIMS? ? ? ?
AGRICULTURE
CRAFTS
TRADE

21. ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
THE MUSLIMS ACHIEVED A HIGH LEVEL OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN AGRICULTURE, CRAFTMANSHIP AND TRADE
GOLD DINAR AND SILVER DIRHAM AS A SINGLE CURRENCY FAVOURED COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY
AGRICULTURE
CRAFTS
TRADE
WATER WAS CAREFULLY REGULATED THROUGH IRRIGATION, CANALS AND MILLS. NEW CROPS, SUCH AS RICE, COTTON AND CITRUS FRUITS WERE IMPORTED FROM ASIA
CRAFTS WERE CARRIED OUT IN CITIES AND REACHED A VERY HIGH LEVEL IN LEATHER, IRON, POTTERY AND GLASS.
TRADE WAS VERY ACTIVE BECAUSE THE MUSLIMS WERE THE INTERMEDIARIES BETWEEN THE EAST AND WEST. THEY IMPORTED RAW MATERIALS AND LUXURY ITEMS LIKE GOLD, SILVER, IVORY AND SILK. THEY ALSO BROUGHT IN SLAVES

22. THE SOCIETY OF AL-ANDALUS
THE MUSLIMS WERE TOLERANT OF THE REST OF THE POPULATION SO ONLY SMALL GROUPS OF CHRISTIANS DECIDED TO LEAVE THEIR LANDS. THE SOCIETY OF AL-ANDALUS WAS DIVERSE
CONQUERORS
LOCAL POPULATION
ARABS
BERBERS
MUSLIMS
NON MUSLIMS
THEY WERE AN ARISTOCRACY HOLDING POLITICAL POWER AND FORMED A WEALTHY, LANDOWNING ELITE
FROM NORTH AFRICA THEY RECEIVED LESS FERTILE LANDS AND HELD LITTLE POWER (PARTICIPATED IN REBELLIONS)
CHRISTIANS
JEWS
MULADIS
VERY INFLUENTIAL SINCE THEY WERE INVOLVED IN TRADE, FINANCE, CRAFTS AND CULTURAL ACTIVITIES.
MOZARABS
FORMER CHRISTIANS WHO CONVERTED TO ISLAM
CHRISTIANS IN MUSLIM TERRITORY

23. THE CULTURAL LEGACY OF AL-ANDALUS
THE CULTURAL AND INTELLECTUAL ACHIEVEMENTS OF AL-ANDALUS WERE VERY IMPRESSIVE, ESPECIALLY UNDER THE CALIPHATE
MATHEMATICS
PHILOSOPHY
THE MUSLIMS INTRODUCED ALGEBRA AND ARABIC NUMBERS.
THE MUSLIM AVERROES REVIVED THE STUDY OF ARISTOTLE, WHICH LED TO HIS REDISCOVERY BY MEDIEVAL CHRISTIAN PHILOSOPHERS

24. CALIPHAL ART
ARCHITECTURE WAS AN ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT ART FORM BECAUSE PAINTING AND SCULPUTRE WERE HARDLY USED AND MAINLY TO DECORATE BUILDINGS
POOR BUILDING MATERIALS
THEY USED POOR BUILDING MATERIALS SUCH AS BRICKS AND PLASTER. THEY SOMETIMES REUSED STONE AND MARBLE FROM THE ROMAN AND VISIGOTHIC BUILDINGS
FINE DECORATION
FINE DECORATION COVERED THESE MATERIALS. AS REPRESENTATIONS OF THE HUMAN FIGURE WERE NOT ALLOWED THEY USED DECORATIVE GEOMETRIC OR PLANT PATTERNS. THEY ALSO ADORNED BUILDINGS WITH VERY FINE WRITING, OR CALLIGRAPHY, USING TEXTS FRO M THE QURAN
HORSESHOE ARCH
THE MUSLIMS USED BOTH THE HORSESHOE ARCH AND THE HIGHLY ELABORATE MULTIFOIL ARCH. MOST CEILINGS WERE FLAT AND WERE COVERED BY WOOD, BUT THERE WERE ALSO LUXURIOUSLY DECORATED DOMES
SHARP CONTRASTS
THE INTERIORS OF BUILDINGS WERE CAREFULLY DESIGNED. SCREENS WERE USED TO CREATE SHARP CONTRASTS BETWEEN LIGHT AND SHADE. WATER WAS ALSO AN IMPORTANT PART OF INTERIOR DESIGN, WHICH INCORPORATED FOUNTAINS AND POOLS
THE GREAT MOSQUE OF CORDOBA
MEDINA AZAHARA

25. FOUNTAIN FOR ABLUTIONS (SIBIL)
MINARET
FOUNTAIN FOR ABLUTIONS (SIBIL)
HALL OF PRAYER
(HARAM)
MIHRAB
KIBLAH
SUN CLOCK
COURTYARD
(SAHAN)
PARTS OF A MOSQUE

26. GREAT MOSQUE OF CORDOBA
ALHAKEN II
ALMANNZOR
ABDERRAMAN II
ABDERRAMAN I
ABDERRAMAN III
GREAT MOSQUE OF CORDOBA

27. MEDINA AZAHARA

28. ART DURING THE ALMOHAD PERIOD
THE MOST SIGNIFICANT MONUMENTS FROM THIS PERIOD ARE THE GIRALDA AND THE TORRE DEL ORO, BOTH IN SEVILLA
THE GIRALDA
THE TORRE DEL ORO

29. NASRID ART
THE MOST IMPORTANT MONUMENT IS THE ALHAMBRA IN GRANADA. ALHAMBRA MEANS “THE RED”, A NAME THAT COMES FROM THE RED COLOUR OF ITS WALLS. IT WAS BUILT AS A FORTRESS PALACE AND IT HAS A CASTLE AND A PALACE COMPLEX

31. THE CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS

32. AREAS OF CHRISTIAN RESISTENCE
THE MUSLIM CONQUEST WAS NOT COMPLETE IN ALL PARTS OF THE IBERIAN PENINSULA
HISPANO-VISIGOTHS MAINTAINED THEIR INDEPENDENCE IN THE CANTABRIAN MOUNTAINS (WEST) AND IN THE PYRENEES (EAST)
CANTABRIAN OR WEST AREA
PYRINEES OR EAST AREA
OVER TIME, CHRISTIAN TERRITORIES TURNED INTO KINGDOMS AND LITTLE BY LITTLE TOOK OVER AREAS OF AL-ANDALUS
THIS PROCESS IS CALLED THE RECONQUEST

33. THE CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS
PYRINEES OR EAST AREA
CANTABRIAN OR WEST AREA
KINGDOM OF ASTURIAS
KINGDOM OF NAVARRA
KINGDOM OF PORTUGAL
KINGDOM OF LEON
THE CATALAN COUNTIES
KINGDOM OF ARAGON
KINGDOM OF CASTILLA
AL-ANDALUS
THE RECONQUEST YEAR BY YEAR… JUSTA A MAP AND ITS ADVANCES…

34. THE KINGDOM OF ASTURIAS AND LEON THE KINGDOM OF ASTURIAS (739-913)
ASTURIAS WAS THE EARLIEST CHRISTIAN KINGDOM TO BE CREATED ON THE PENINSULA FOLLOWING THE MUSLIM CONQUESTS.
THIS WAS WHERE THE ASTURIAN NOBLE PELAYO DEFEATED THE MUSLIMS AT THE BATTLE OF COVADONGA (722)
THE KINGDOM OF ASTURIAS ( )

35. THE INDEPENDENCE OF CASTILLA
THE COUNTY OF CASTILLA EMERGED ALONG THE EASTERN FRONTIER OF THE KINGDOM OF LEON, WHERE THERE WERE FREQUENT MUSLIM ATTACKS.

36. THE CROWN OF CASTILLA
CASTILLA AND LEON HAD BEEN CLOSELY CONNECTED IN THE 11TH AND 12TH CENTURIES. IN THE 13TH CENTURY THE TWO KINGDOMS WERE DEFINITIVELY UNITED WITH FERNANDO III (1230)
UNDER HIS SON, ALFONSO X EL SABIO, CASTILLA WAS HOME TO CONSIDERABLE CULTURAL ACHIEVEMENTS
THE MUSLIMS DID NOT OFFER MUCH REAL RESISTANCE TO THE CHRISTIAN ADVANCES AFTER THE DEFEAT OF THE ALMOHADS IN THE BATTLE OF LAS NAVAS DE TOLOSA (1212)

37. THE CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS OF THE EAST (PYRENEES)
AS ASTURIAS AND LEON EMERGED IN THE NORTH-WEST OF THE PENINSULA, THERE WERE OTHER CHRISTIAN REGIONS THAT FOUGHT FOR THEIR INDEPENDENCE FROM THE MUSLIMS AND THE FRANKS
KINGDOM OF NAVARRA
KINGDOM OF ARAGON
CATALAN COUNTIES

38. AT THE END OF HIS REIGN, HE DIVIDED HIS KINGDOM AMONG HIS SONS
THE KINGDOM OF NAVARRA
THE KINGDOM REACHED ITS GREATEST TERRITORIAL EXPANSION UNDER SANCHO III THE GREAT ( ), WHO UNIFIED THE KINGDOMS OF NAVARRA, ARAGÓN AND CASTILLA
AT THE END OF HIS REIGN, HE DIVIDED HIS KINGDOM AMONG HIS SONS

39. SOBRARBE, RIBAGORZA AND ARAGON
THE KINGDOM OF ARAGON
THE CENTRAL PART OF THE PYRINEES WAS DIVIDED INTO THREE COUNTIES UNDER FRANKISH CONTROL:
SOBRARBE, RIBAGORZA AND ARAGON
BUT ON THE DEATH OF SANCHO III THE GREAT (FROM PAMPLONA), HIS SON RAMIRO I INHERITED ARAGÓN AND BECAME ITS FIRST KING
(THE TWO OTHER COUNTIES -SOBRARBE AND RIBAGORZA- BECAME PART OF THIS KINGDOM)

40. THE SPANISH MARCH AND THE CATALAN COUNTIES
THE FRANKISH KINGS CONTROLLED TERRITORIES SOUTH OF THE PYRENEES IN ORDER TO ESTABLISH A BORDER ZONE WHICH WOULD BE A BARRIER AGAINST MUSLIM ATTACKS
THESE TERRITORIES IN THE EASTERN PYRENEES WERE CALLED THE SPANISH MARCH. THE COUNTY OF BARCELONA BECAME THE MOST IMPORTANT COUNTY IN THE SPANISH MARCH AND TAKING ADVANTAGE OF THE WEAKENING OF THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE ACHIEVED FULL INDEPENDENCE IN THE 10TH CENTURY WITH BORRELL II

41. THE CROWN OF ARAGÓN
THE CROWN OF ARAGON WAS FOUNDED IN 1137, WHEN PETRONILA, THE HEIRESS OF ARAGON, MARRIED RAMÓN BERENGUER IV, COUNT OF BARCELONA
FROM THEN ON THE CROWN BEGAN TO EXPAND IN VARIOUS DIRECTIONS: IN AL-ANDALUS AND THROUHGOUT THE MEDITERRANEAN
AFTER THE RECONQUEST COMMERCIAL INTERESTS PROMOTED CATALAN-ARAGONESE EXPANSION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN. TRADE WAS THE CRUCIAL MOTIVE

42. POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS 1: MONARCHY
CROWN OF RAGON
CASTILLA
IN CASTILLA THE MONARCHY WAS UNITARIAN. THIS MEANS THAT THE TERRITORY WAS A SINGLE ENTITY AND POWER WAS CENTRALISED IN THE KING
IN THIS CASE THE MONARCHY WAS FEDERAL, THIS MEANS THAT IT WAS COMPOSED OF SEVERAL KINGDOMS (ARAGON, CATALONIA, MALLORCA AND VALENCIA), AND THEY HAD THEIR OWN INSTITUTIONS, LAWS AND TRADITIONS.
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS 2: THE CORTES
FROM THE LATE 12TH CENTURY ON KINGS STARTED CALLING CITY REPRESENTATIVES TOGETHER WITH NOBLES AND CLERGY. THIS IS THE ORIGIN OF THE CORTES. ASSAMBLIES THAT WERE FORMED BY REPRESENTATIVES OF THE THREE STATES

43. CHRISTIAN RESETTLEMENT OR REPOPULATION
THE AREA CONTROLLED BY THE CHRISTIAN REQUIRED A PROCESS OF RESETTLEMENT (REPOBLACIÓN), WHICH WAS CARRIED OUT IN SEVERAL WAYS
APRISIO
CHARTERS (FUEROS OR CONCEJOS)
MILITARY ORDERS
REPARTIMIENTOS (BY DISTRIBUTION)

44. SOCIAL DIVISIONS NOBILITY CLERGY COMMONS URBAN SOCIETY
SPECIAL PRIVILEGIES, INCLUDING SPECIFIC LEGAL RIGHTS, EXEMPTION FROM TAXES, AND ACCESS TO IMPORTANT POSITIONS IN ADMINISTRATION
COMMON PEOPLE HAD NONE OF THESE PRIVILEGES AND WERE EITHER PEASANTS OR BELONGED TO DIFFERENT URBAN GROUPS
URBAN OLIGARCHY
MIDDLE CLASS
POOR PEOPLE
SPECIAL QUARTERS
URBAN SOCIETY
OR RULING CLASS, OF WEALTHY MERCHANTS AND LANDOWNERS
FORMED BY SMALLER MERCHANTS AND CRAFTS PEOPLE
PEOPLE WITHOUT A TRADE
JUDERÍAS FOR JEWS
MORERÍAS FOR MUSLIMS
ALTHOUGH MANY CONVERTED TO CHRISTIANITY (CONVERSOS AND MUDEJARES), THEY KEPT THEIR TRADITIONS

45. THE ECONOMY OF CASTILLA
THE WOOL INDUSTRY WAS EXTREMELY IMPORTANT IN MEDIEVAL CASTILLA. CASTILLA RECONQUERED A LOT OF LAND FURTHER SOUTH SO IT BECAME POSSIBLE TO MOVE SHEEP LONG DISTANCES ALONG NORTH-SOUTH CALLED CAÑANDAS
IN 1273 ALFONSO X GROUPED THE MAIN SHEEP OWNERS TOGETHER IN AN ORGANISATION CALLED THE MESTA. THIS SUPERVISED GREAT MIGRATIONS OF SHEEP ACROSS CASTILLA

46. THE ECONOMY OF THE CROWN OF ARAGON
THE CROWN OF ARAGON WAS A FEDERATION OF SEPARATE KINGDOMS. THERE WERE IMPORTANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE ECONOMIES OF EACH ONE
THE PROSPERITY OF THE CITIES LED TO THE GROWTH OF A WEALTHY BOURGEOISIE THAT CONTROLLED URBAN LIFE. THERE WAS NO EQUIVALENT TO THIS URBAN PATRICIATE IN CASTILLA
ARAGON
CATALUÑA
VALENCIA

47. CULTURE IN THE CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS
THE COEXISTENCE OF THE THREE CULTURES
THE WAY OF SAINT JAMES
DURING THE MIDDLE AGES THREE DIFFERENT RELIGIOUS CULTURES COEXISTED IN THE IBERIAN PENINSULA: THE CHRISTIAN,
THE JEWISH AND THE ISLAMIC CULTURE.
THIS ROUTE HAD ITS ORIGIN IN 813 WHEN A HERMIT FOUND A TOMB IN GALICIA THAT IDENTIFIED AS THE TOMB OF SANTIAGO. LATER PILGRIMS WENT TO VISIT THE TOMB, EITHER FOR PENITENCE, OR THANKSGIVING, AND HAVE DONE SO EVER SINCE
COEXISTENCE WAS NOT ALWAYS EASY, BUT IT PRODUCED SOME IMPORTANT CULTURAL BENEFITS. THE MOST IMPORTANT WAS THE TOLEDO SCHOOL OF TRANSLATORS, FOUNDED BY ALFONSO X EL SABIO