1. Unit 4 - Immunology and Public Health

2. Unit 4 – Immunology and Public Health
1. The Immune System
2. Infectious Diseases and immunity
Non-specific defences
Specific cellular defences
Transmission and control
Active Immunisation and Vaccination and the evasion of immune responses

3. By the end of this section you will be able to …..
2. Infectious Diseases & immunity
a) transmission and control of disease
By the end of this section you will be able to …..
Name 5 types of pathogen
Name a disease caused by each type of pathogen
Name 6 methods infectious diseases can be transmitted from person to person
Name 5 methods the transmission of infectious diseases can be controlled
Describe both the individual and community responsibility of controlling transmission of infectious diseases

4. Human diseases caused by this type of pathogen
Description
Human diseases caused by this type of pathogen

5. Pathogens
Pathogens are organisms that can harm and cause infectious diseases.
Examples of pathogens include:
Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Protozoa
Multicellular Parasites
House MD parasite clip

6. Human diseases caused by this type of pathogen
Description
Human diseases caused by this type of pathogen
BACTERIA
Single celled organisms without a nucleus
tuberculosis, diphtheria, typhoid, cholera, tetanus, dysentery and pneumonia
VIRUSES
Non-living particles that can only reproduce within a living cell
Common cold, herpes, measles, AIDS, chicken pox, small pox
FUNGI
Simple organisms including mushrooms and yeasts that grow as single cells or thread like filaments
Ringworm, athletes foot, candidiasis, histoplasmosis
PROTOZOA
Single celled organisms with a nucleus
Malaria, giardiasis, chagas disease, sleeping sickness, leishmaniasis
MULTI-
CELLULAR
PARASITES
Living organism, that can live inside intestinal tract or blood stream
Round worm infections, tape worm infections

7. Think / pair / share What is meant by transmission?
Choose one disease from each row in your table and describe how it could have been transmitted
For each disease you picked, describe possible methods of controlling the transmission of the disease

8. Transmission of infectious diseases
The spread of microbes and infection is also known as…
TRANSMISSION!
Transmission by inhaled air
Coughing
Sneezing
Breathing
Transmission by food
Eating undercooked food
Transmission by water
Drinking dirty or contaminated water

9. Transmission of infectious diseases
Transmission by vector organisms
A bite from an infected animal
Transmission by direct physical contact
Touch
Transmission by body fluids
Sexual contact
Blood transfusion

10. How can we control the transmission of infectious diseases?
Direct physical contact
Water
Food
Body fluids
Inhaled air
Vector organisms
Appropriate storage and handling of food
Quarantine
Good hygiene
Care in sexual health
Appropriate waste disposal systems
Quality water supply
Safe food webs
Control of vectors
Antisepsis

11. Which 3 control methods would be an individual's responsibility?
Which 3 control methods would be a communities responsibility?
Appropriate storage and handling of food
Appropriate storage and handling of food
Quarantine
Good hygiene
Good hygiene
Care in sexual health
Care in sexual health
Appropriate waste disposal systems
Appropriate waste disposal systems
Quality water supply
Quality water supply
Safe food webs
Safe food webs
Control of vectors
Antisepsis

12. How can infectious diseases be transmitted?
The spread of microbes and infection is also known as…
TRANSMISSION!
Transmission can occur by:
Inhaled air
Food
Water
Vector organisms (carry and transmit a pathogen into another organism)
Direct physical contact
Body fluids

13. How can we control the transmission of infectious diseases?
Quarantine
Antisepsis
The use of antiseptics to eliminate pathogens
Individual responsibility
good hygiene
care in sexual health
appropriate storage/handling of food
Community responsibility
quality water supply
safe food webs
appropriate waste disposal systems
The control of vectors

14. Homework task – FACT FILE
Pick a pathogen
Pick a human disease caused by this pathogen
Research how this disease is transmitted
Research the best method(s) of controlling the transmission of this disease
Other useful info:
Symptoms of disease
treatments / cures
life cycle of pathogen
NB – you cannot do the same disease as someone else in the class!

15. BBC Infested Living With Parasites
NOT for the faint hearted!

16. Can you now …. Name 5 types of pathogen
Name a disease caused by each type of pathogen
Name 6 methods infectious diseases can be transmitted from person to person
Name 5 methods the transmission of infectious diseases can be controlled
Describe both the individual and community responsibility of controlling transmission of infectious diseases

17. Quick Questions What is a vector? Give an example of a vector
Name a method an individual can employ in order to control the transmission of an infectious disease

18. By the end of this section you will be able to …..
2. Infectious Diseases & immunity
a) transmission and control of disease
By the end of this section you will be able to …..
describe the role of epidemiologists
state what is meant by sporadic, endemic, epidemic and pandemic
describe possible control measures that can be used to prevent transmission of infectious diseases

19. What is Epidemiology?
Epidemiology is the study of patterns of health, illness and associated factors at the population level.
Epidemiologists study the outbreak and pattern of infectious diseases to determine the factors that affect the spread of infectious disease.

20. BBC News report
Watch the link to view the look-back on the most recent health scare -Swine Flu

21. Newspaper headlines
Experts may be poised to declare swine flu epidemic.
Search for vaccine speeds up as swine flu is declared pandemic.
World Health Organization may declare an end to endemic as swine flu fizzles.

22. Confused?
Epidemic?
Endemic?
Pandemic?
Sporadic?

23. The spread of infectious disease are classified as…
Epidemic
Endemic
Pandemic
Sporadic
Occasional occurrence
Regular cases occurring in area
Unusually high number of cases in area
A global epidemic
Match them up!

24. Control measures
Based on the results of their studies, epidemiologists can suggest a number of possible methods of control to prevent further spread of infectious disease.
Their recommendations may include:
Preventing transmission
Drug therapy
Immunisation
Or a combination of the above.

25. Tasks – 10 minutes
Complete the PS activity about Swine Flu in Scotland

26. Can you now …. describe the role of epidemiologists
state what is meant by sporadic, endemic, epidemic and pandemic
describe possible control measures that can be used to prevent transmission of infectious diseases

27. Quick Questions
1. For each statement below, classify them using the correct term:
An average of 34 deaths in the space of 5 years
Continued diagnosis of infectious people in a city
Unexpected number of people diagnosed with an infectious disease in a local town
Continued diagnosis of infectious people in a country
2. Give the definition of the missing term that has not been used!
sporadic
endemic
epidemic
endemic
Pandemic-worldwide epidemic

28. You have now completed Key Area 3 of Unit 4! 