1. Buffers and Titrations

2. The Common Ion Effect & Buffer Solutions
__________________- solutions in which the same ion is produced by two different compounds
__________________- resist changes in pH when acids or bases are added to them
due to common ion effect

3. The Common Ion Effect & Buffer Solutions
Two common kinds of buffer solutions
solutions of a ___________plus a soluble ______________________________
solutions of a ___________ plus a soluble ______________________________

4. Weak Acids plus Salts of Weak Acids
For example ~ acetic acid CH3COOH and sodium acetate NaCH3COO

5. Ex. 1) Calculate the concentration of H+ and the pH of a solution that is 0.15 M in acetic acid and 0.15 M in sodium acetate. Ka = 1.8 x 10-5
*Always start the reaction with your weak acid (or weak base) added to water.
(note: sodium acetate completely dissociates) R I. C. E.

6. R CH3COOH + H2O  CH3COO- + H3O+ 0.15 0.15 0 -x +x +x
Ex. 1) Calculate the concentration of H+ and the pH of a solution that is 0.15 M in acetic acid and 0.15 M in sodium acetate. Ka = 1.8 x 10-5
R CH3COOH + H2O  CH3COO- + H3O+
-x x +x
E – x x x

8. Compare the acidity of a pure acetic acid solution and the buffer we just described.
Notice that [H+] is _____ times greater in pure acetic acid than in buffer solution.

9. Weak Bases plus Salts of Weak Bases
Ex.2) Calculate the concentration of OH- and the pH of the solution that is 0.15 M in aqueous ammonia, NH3, and M in ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3. Kb = 1.8 x 10-5 R I C E

10. Weak Bases plus Salts of Weak Bases
Ex.2) Calculate the concentration of OH- and the pH of the solution that is 0.15 M in aqueous ammonia, NH3, and M in ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3. Kb = 1.8 x 10-5
R NH3 + H2O  NH OH- I
C -x x x
E –x x x

11. Substitute these values into the ionization expression for ammonia and solve algebraically.

12. Weak Bases plus Salts of Weak Bases
Let’s compare the aqueous ammonia concentration to that of the buffer described above.
Note, the [OH-] in aqueous ammonia is ____times greater than in the buffer.

13. Henderson-Hasselbach equation
On your green sheets
pH = pKa + log [A-]
[HA]
Takes into account the dissociation factor of the weak acid (or weak base)

14. Henderson-Hasselbach: an easier way to look at the eqn.
For acids:
For bases:
Remember: pX = -log X

15. Buffering Action Buffer solutions resist changes in pH.
Ex. 3) If mole of HCl is added to 1.00 liter of solution that is M in aqueous ammonia and M in ammonium chloride, how much does the pH change? Assume no volume change due to addition of the gaseous HCl.
You must decide what the HCl will react with…ammonia or ammonium?

16. 1st ~ Calculate the pH of the original buffer solution to find the initial pH

17. 2nd ~ Calculate the concentration of all species after the addition of HCl.
HCl will react with some of the ammonia

18. 3rd ~ Now that you have the concentrations of our salt and base, you can calculate the new pH.

19. 4th ~ Calculate the change in pH.

20. Ex. 4) If 0. 020 mole of NaOH is added to 1
Ex. 4) If mole of NaOH is added to 1.00 liter of solution that is M in aqueous ammonia and M in ammonium chloride, how much does the pH change? Assume no volume change due to addition of the solid NaOH.
(Does the NaOH react with the ammonia or the ammonium?)

21. Preparation of Buffer Solutions
Ex. 5) Calculate the concentration of H+ and the pH of the solution prepared by mixing 200 mL of M acetic acid and 100 mL of M sodium hydroxide solutions.
Determine the molar amounts of acetic acid and sodium hydroxide (before reaction)
One of the reactants will be the limiting reagent, one will be in excess.

22. Preparation of Buffer Solutions
For ______________ situations, it is sometimes important to prepare a buffer solution of a given pH.
Ex. 6) A) Find the number of moles of solid ammonium chloride, NH4Cl, that must be used to prepare 1.00 L of a buffer solution that is 0.10 M in aqueous ammonia, and that has a pH of 9.15
B) What mass is needed?

23. Acid-Base Indicators
______________ - point at which chemically equivalent amounts of acid and base have reacted
______________ - point at which chemical indicator changes color

24. Common Acid-Base Indicators

25. Strong Acid/Strong Base Titration Curves
______________ ________are graphs that show the pH at various amounts of titrate added. Allows you to find the ______________ ________.
For Titration curves, Plot ______________ of acid or base added in titration.

26. Ex. 7) Consider the titration of 100. 0 mL of 0
Ex. 7) Consider the titration of mL of M perchloric acid with M potassium hydroxide. Find the equivalence point of this rxn.
Plot pH vs. mL of KOH added
1:1 mole ratio

27. Strong Acid/Strong Base Titration Curves
Before titration starts the pH of the HClO4 solution is _______
Remember that perchloric acid is a strong acid

28. After 20.0 mL of 0.100 M KOH has been added the new pH is _______.

29. After 50.0 mL of 0.100 M KOH has been added the pH is _______.

30. After 90.0 mL of 0.100 M KOH has been added the pH is _______.

31. After 100.0 mL of 0.100 M KOH has been added the pH is _______.

32. Strong Acid/Strong Base Titration Curves
We’ve calculated only a few points on the titration curve. Similar calculations for the remainder of titration can show clearly the _______ of the titration curve.

33. Weak Acid/Strong Base Titration Curves
Salts of weak acids and strong bases hydrolyze to give basic solns so the soln is _______ at the equivalence point and the soln is _____________ before the ____________ point.

34. Strong Acid/Weak Base Titration Curves
Titration curves for Strong Acid/Weak Bases look similar to Strong Base/Weak Acid but they are inverted. The soln is _________ before the ______________and is ______________ at the _____________________

35. Weak Acid/Weak Base Titration Curves
Titration curves have ______________vertical sections.
Solution is buffered both _______ and _______the equivalence point.
____________________cannot be used. Instead you can measure the ______________ in order to find the end point.
The math is complex, we will not worry about it in AP Chem. 

36. More Fun Chemistry for you
Blood is slightly basic, having a pH of 7.35 to What chemical species causes our blood to be basic? How does our body regulate the pH of blood?