1. Protein Synthesis DNA Gene mRN tRNA Amino Acid Protein Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Transcription
Translation

2. Transcribing DNA Double stranded DNA unzips at Gene
Gene – a coding section of DNA
Helicase is the enzyme that does the unzipping
Helicase T G G T A C A G C T A G T C A T C G T A C C G T

3. Matching bases of DNA & RNA
U instead of T is matched to A
TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGG
DNA
AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCC
mRNA

4. DNA vs. RNA DNA RNA deoxyribose sugar nitrogen bases double stranded
G, C, A, T
T : A
C : G
double stranded
RNA
ribose sugar
nitrogen bases
G, C, A, U
U : A
C : G
single stranded

5. Matching bases of DNA & RNA
RNA nucleotides, floating in nucleus, connect to DNA bases on one of the exposed DNA strands
Nucleotide – a phosphate, a sugar, a base
RNA Polymerase is the enzyme that attaches them together A C U G A G U G U C U G C A A C U A A G C
RNA
polymerase U A G A C C T G G T A C A G C T A G T C A T C G T A C C G T

6. From nucleus to cytoplasm
transcription
DNA
mRNA
cytoplasm

7. Translation - mRNA to Protein
The Instructions  mRNA
The Reader  Ribosome
The Transporter of Amino Acids  Transfer RNA (tRNA)
mRNA U C A G aa
tRNA
ribosome C

8. mRNA to protein = Translation
amino acid chain
tRNA drops off it’s Amino Acid
tRNA then goes back into the cytoplasm, to pick up another amino acid.
All 20 Amino Acids are floating free and waiting in the Cytoplasm.
The amino acid chain is left to become the functioning Protein.
cytoplasm
mRNA

9. From mRNA to Protein DNA mRNA translation transcription nucleus
tRNA
translation
transcription
DNA
mRNA
nucleus
cytoplasm

10. mRNA codes for amino acids in triplet bases (codons)
TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGG
DNA
codon
ribosome
AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCC
mRNA
AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCC
mRNA ?
Met Arg Val Asn Ala Cys Ala
protein
amino acids (aa)
Codon = block of 3 mRNA bases

11. The mRNA Codon Chart For ALL life! Code has duplicates Start codon
several codons for each amino acid
mutation insurance!
Start codon
AUG
methionine
Stop codons
UGA, UAA, UAG
Strong evidence for a single origin in evolutionary theory.

12. DNA  Proteins  Cells  Bodies
DNA has the information to build proteins
Genes - DNA coding sections
proteins
cells
DNA
DNA gets all the glory, Proteins do all the work
bodies

13. How do proteins do all the work
Proteins run and make living organisms
Enzymes – protein catalysts
control all chemical reactions in living organisms
Structure
all living organisms are built out of proteins

14. and 20 amino acids Code for ALL life on Earth
Only 4 DNA bases (A,U,G,C)
and 20 amino acids Code for ALL life on Earth
TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGG
DNA
ribosome
AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCC
mRNA ?
Met Arg Val Asn Ala Cys Ala
protein aa

15. for Protein Synthesis!
It’s Growth
It’s Repair
It’s YOU