1. CS 13011 Computer Science IA: Procedural Programming
Final Exam 1

2. C++ Basics Variable I/O Operators Namespace Declarations
Variable naming conventions
Assignment of values to variables
I/O Operators
cin>>
cout<<
#include <iostream>
using std::cout; using std::endl;
Namespace
Different programmers write their own source code in different namespaces
using namespace ns1;
using namespace ns2;
Use namespaces to refer to variables (possibly with the same name)
ns1::x
ns2::x

3. Operations Data types Constant (vs. variable) Operators in C++
int, double, float, bool, char, string, …
Constant (vs. variable)
Literal constant
Named constant
Operators in C++
+, - (unary)
+, -, *, /, % (binary)
Conditional operator: ? = (ternary)
Precedence among operators
How to evaluate an expression with operators?

4. Operations (cont'd) Assignment operator Compound operators=
Compound operators += -= *= /= %=
Increment/decrement operators
++, --

5. Operations (cont'd) Comparison operators Logical operators ==, !=
>, <, >=, <=
Logical operators
&&, ||, !

6. Selection Statements Boolean expression if statement (syntax)
Evaluation
if statement (syntax)
if …
if … else …
Nested if: if … else if … else … if … else
switch
Conversion between switch and nested if

7. Repetition Statements
while
do … while
for
nested loops:
for … for
while … while
do do … while while

8. Functions Pre-defined functions Programmer-defined functions
pow(), sqrt(), abs()
Type changing function: static_cast<…>()
srand(), rand()
Range of rand()? rand()%100?
time()
Programmer-defined functions
function name
argument(s)
return value
function call
function invocation
nested function call

9. Functions (cont'd) Function prototype Function declaration
int add1(int i);
int add1(int);
Function declaration
int add1(int i) { ... }
Local vs. global variables
Global constants/variables
Call-by-value vs. call-by-reference
Value-returning function vs. void function
return x; vs. return; (or simply without this statement)

10. Arrays Array declarations Initialization
int x[index];
index must be integer and constant
Initialization
Initialization list
int x[] = {1, 2, 3};
int x[3] = {1, 2, 3};
int x[10] = {1, 2, 3};
for loop
for (int i=0; i<size; i++)
Access to an element in the array
x[i] – range of index I
Assignment: x[i] = 1;
Read values: int a = x[i]+1;
Iterate over all elements
sum, max, min, avg, search a key, etc.

11. Arrays (cont'd) Passing array into the function Arrays
E.g., void func(int x[]);
Passing by reference
const array: do not modify contents in the array
Arrays

12. Strings String declarations Assignment Functions string str;
#include <string>
Assignment
str="hello";
cin>>str;
getline(cin, str);
Functions
cin.peek();
cin.get();
cin.unget();

13. Strings (cont'd) Operators String functions
+, +=
comparison operators (>, <, >=, <=, ==, !=)
String functions
size() - current string size (number of characters currently stored in string
length()- same as size()
max_size() - maximum number of characters in string allowed on this computer
empty() - true if string is empty
str[i] – element in the string
Range of index i

14. Strings (cont'd) String functions
find(substring) - returns the position of the first character of substring in the string
rfind(substring) - same as find, search in reverse
find_first_of(substring) - find first occurrence of any character of substring in the string
find_last_of(substring) - find last occurrence of any character of substr in the string
insert(start, substring)- inserts substring starting from position start
insert(start, number, character) – inserts number of character starting from position start
replace (start, number, substring)- replaces number of characters starting from start with substring the number of characters replaced need not be the same
append(string2)- appends string2 to the end of the string
erase(start, number)- removes number of characters starting from start

15. Strings (cont'd) Passing string to function
By value
By reference
Return string as the output of the function

16. File Input/Output <fstream>
using std::ifstream; and using std::ofstream;
ifstream fin;
fin.open("infilename.txt");
fin>>str;
while (getline(fin, line)) { ... }
fin.close();
ofstream fout;
fout.open("outfilename.txt");
fout << str;
fout.close();
fail();
exit(0);
void myfunc(ifstream &myinfile); // passing by reference