1. All of the information in this review is what you will need to know to get a 3 on the end of quarter assessment tomorrow. Take notes if you want. If you know you do not need to retake a particular section, you need to be respectful and quiet so others can get the information.

2. Electricity
Electricity is based on the interaction of charged particles (electrons are negative, protons are positive).
Opposite charges attract (pull toward each other).
Like charges repel (push away from each other).
Electric force is the ability to attract or repel.
Electric field is the area around a charged object in which the force can be felt.
Forces and fields can increase with more charge.
Forces are stronger if the objects are closer.

3. Electricity continued
Static does not need contact to discharge.
Current does need contact to complete a circuit.
Insulators do not allow electricity to flow – rubber, plastic.
Conductors do allow electricity to flow – metal, salt water.
Electricity can cause electrons to line up and make a ferromagnetic object become magnetic.
Electromagnets can be turned off and on (current), and need contact. The amount of current, the materials, and the distances between objects can effect the strength of an electromagnet.

4. Magnetism
Ferromagnetic materials (iron, cobalt, nickel) can be magnetized, and are attracted to magnets.
Electrons need to ‘spin’ in the same direction and linen up to create mini magnetic fields.
Magnets are attracted to or repel other magnets.
Opposite poles attract (North to South), like poles repel (North to North or South to South).

5. Magnetism continued Magnets attract ferromagnetic materials.
Magnets do not interact with other materials.
Magnetic force is the ability to attract (pull) or repel (push).
Magnetic field is the area around a magnet in which the force can be felt.
Forces and fields increase with stronger magnets.
There is a stronger force if the objects are closer.
Magnets do not need contact in order to attract or repel.

6. Energy Transfers/Transformations
There are 2 main categories of energy: potential (stored) and kinetic (motion).
There are 9 subcategories of energy: nuclear, chemical, elastic, gravitational (all potential); sound, electromagnetic (all kinetic); and thermal, electrical, mechanical (both potential and kinetic).
Objects contain many forms of energy at one time.
A transfer is the movement of the same type of energy from one object to another.

7. Energy Trans continued
A transformation is the changing of energy from one type to another within or between objects.
There has to be a direct connection or cause-effect relationship for a transfer or transformation to occur.
Any change in an object’s motion or position means that energy has been transferred to or from the object.
You usually cannot end a transformation with a type of potential energy.
You can use boxes and arrows to show a transfer/transformation.

8. Law of Conservation of Energy
The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed.
Energy can be transferred or transformed many times.
Almost all the energy on Earth is somehow connected back to the Sun.
All matter has potential energy based on the fact that it is made of molecules, and the molecules are in motion and are made of different chemicals.

9. Light
Light moves in an electromagnetic wave – which means it does not need matter in order to transfer energy.
Light is much faster than sound.
Light waves have the main properties of amplitude and frequency.
The observable phenomenon related to amplitude is brightness (lots of waves added together); to frequency is color (red is low, purple is high).
White light is made of all the colors of the rainbow.
In order to see any object, light reflects off of it; the colors we see are being reflected, while the other colors are being absorbed by the object.

10. Light continued
Light can be absorbed by opaque objects with darker colors (which transforms into heat), or by softer objects.
When light is absorbed, the amplitude decreases and the frequency stays the same (unless it is white light absorbed by a colored object).
Light can be reflected by opaque objects (the lighter the color, the more is reflected), and smooth surfaces.
When light is reflected, the amplitude and frequency stay the same (unless it is white light reflecting off of a colored object).
Light can be transmitted by transparent or translucent objects.
When light is transmitted, the amplitude and frequency stay the same (unless it is white light going through a colored filter), but the light might change speed (refraction).

11. Sound
Sound moves as a mechanical / matter wave – which means that is needs matter in order to transfer energy. The molecules pass vibrations.
Sound is much slower than light. It travels fastest through solids because the molecules are touching, and slowest through gases because the molecules are far apart.
Sound waves have the main properties of amplitude and frequency.
The observable phenomenon related to amplitude is volume (more energy is louder); to frequency is pitch (high frequency is a high pitched noise).

12. Sound continued Sound can be absorbed by soft objects.
When sound is absorbed, the amplitude decreases and the frequency can change depending on the object.
Sound can be reflected by hard, smooth surfaces.
When sound is reflected, the amplitude and frequency stay the same (unless the wave is reflecting off of multiple surfaces to amplify the sound).
Sound can be transmitted by any type of matter that started the vibrations.
When sound is transmitted, the amplitude and frequency stay the same (unless the sound is going through a different material than it started in).

13. Engineering Design Engineering design starts by defining a problem.
Engineers have to determine criteria (things that need to happen to make the solution relevant) and constraints (limitations).
Engineers then have to design solutions that meet the criteria and fall within the constraints.
They then test their solutions, modify them, and test them again.
Any modifications along the way are called optimizations.
While optimizing, engineers pay attention to the cause- effect relationship of their modifications. They record each thing that they change, and the specific outcomes related to each change.