1. Adverbs and adverbials

2. Adverbs
An adverb modifies another element of a sentence; in fact, aside from nouns (which are modified by adjectives), they can modify almost every other word type:
verb traditionally decorated
adverb She sang extremely loudly
adjective slightly smaller
pronoun nearly everyone

3. Adverbs
Adverbs can also modify whole clauses, phrases or even sentences:
I spotted only one crocodile
‘only’ modifies the noun phrase ‘one crocodile’
We made it almost to the end
‘almost’ modifies the prepositional phrase ‘to the end’
No one can see them anyway
‘anyway’ modifies the sentence as a whole.

4. Adverbs Not all adverbs end in ‘ly’
Time adverbs: later, never, often, once, soon, today, tomorrow,
Place adverbs: here, there, everywhere.
Degree adverbs: almost, just, quite.
Discourse markers: however, nevertheless, therefore
Not all words that end in ‘ly’ are adverbs
Adjectives: lovely, deadly, jolly, lonely.
Nouns: bully, holly, jelly, family.
Verbs: bully, multiply, apply, supply.
A quick illustration why the definition ‘adverbs end in –ly’ can be misleading for students. Try to stress the function that adverbs have rather alongside the form that they can take.

5. Adverbials
An adverbial is a string of words that have a modifying function
Four common types of adverbial are
prepositional phrases
He arrived completely without warning..
noun phrases
Jane telephoned me last night.
subordinate clauses
If you work hard, you’ll pass.
non-finite clauses.
Slipping on the icy surface, the boy grabbed hold of my hand.
In the prepositional phrase there is an additional adverb ‘ completely’ modifying the prepositional phrase which is acting adverbially. Check if a prepositional phrase is acting adjectively or adverbially by locating if it’s modifying the noun or the verb. In ‘His arrival without warning caused us all alarm’, the prepositional phrase ‘without warning’ modifies the noun ‘arrival’.
The fact that prepositional phrases can also be adverbials makes the point about the difference between form and function

6. A great example of adverbial prepositional phrases
Rosie’s Walk by Pat Hutchins
Rosie the hen went for a walk, across the yard,
around the pond, over the haycock . . .

7. A classroom example Choose a non-finite verb to be modified
Where might we go? Exploring atmosphere with prepositional phrases
Learning objective: Understand how to create atmosphere when describing a journey using prepositional phrases
by the forgotten river
under the chestnut tree
beyond the sea
over the horizon
in the shadows
in the back of beyond
over the rainbow
What are these places like?
Who might you meet there?
What might happen in this place?
The first task focuses on prepositional phrases and how they can create atmosphere
The second task points out the modifying function – e.g. lazing by the forgotten river; lurking in the shadows – at this point the prepositional phrase has an adverbial function.
‘Lazing by the forgotten river’ is a non-finite clause
‘the forgotten river’ is a noun phrase
‘by the forgotten river is a pp
This illustrates the nested nature of grammatical form
Choose a non-finite verb to be modified

8. Adverbial detail: a KS3/4 example
Opening to Lord of the Flies, William Golding: consider what the highlighted adverbial detail adds to our view of the characters and their surroundings: The boy with fair hair lowered himself down the last few feet of rock and began to pick his way toward the lagoon. Though he had taken off his school sweater and trailed it now from one hand, his grey shirt stuck to him and his hair was plastered to his forehead. All round him the long scar smashed into the jungle was a bath of heat. He was clambering heavily among the creepers and broken trunks when a bird, a vision of red and yellow, flashed upwards with a witch-like cry; and this cry was echoed by another. “Hi!” it said. “Wait a minute!”……. …..The owner of the voice came backing out of the undergrowth so that twigs scratched on a greasy wind-breaker. The naked crooks of his knees were plump, caught and scratched by thorns. He bent down, removed the thorns carefully, and turned around. He was shorter than the fair boy and very fat. He came forward, searching out safe lodgments for his feet, and then looked up through thick spectacles.
Look at choice of lexical verbs too (underlined) and how they work with the adverbial detail in the opening description to the novel. How does the adverbial detail, mostly prepositional phrases, help us to visualise the scene and infer character and situation?

9. Fronted adverbials
These simply refer to single adverbs, adverbial phrases and clauses used at the start of a sentence or paragraph, to emphasise or connect ideas.
They have become emblematic of concerns about teaching to the SATs: see Michael Rosen’s blog from March 2016:
michaelrosenblog.blogspot.com/2016/03/health-alert- how-fronted-adverbial.html
an article in The Guardian from May 2017: ted-adverbials-sats-grammar-test-primary