1. GENUS LEPTOSPIRA

2. GENUS LEPTOSPIRA spirochete transverse fission
Gram motile helical
spirochete transverse fission
oxidase+ catalase+ obligate aerobe
1 axial filament
long chain fatty acid as source of carbon
ammonium salt as source of nitrogen
* persist in renal tubule or genital tract of carrier (w/o clinical sign)
* found in aquatic environment
* organism survive in urine of carrier,
food, pen, water are source of infection
GENUS LEPTOSPIRA

3. Diagram of spirochaete cell.
(1 Axial filament)
(protoplasmic cylinder)
Diagram of spirochaete cell.

4. (Internal flagella)

5. Cell of leptospira

6. Leptospira interrogans (pathogenic strains)
Classification of the Genus Leptospira
Leptospira interrogans (pathogenic strains)
Leptospira biflexa (saprophytic strains)
Serovar >60 L. biflexa, >200 L. interrogans
> 250 serovars in 23 serogroups (1998)

7. Genomospecies of the Genus Leptospira
Species classified by DNA homology 1 species
L. borgpetersenii
L. fainei
L. inadai
L. interrogans sensu stricto
L. kirschneri
L. Biflexa
L. meyeri
L. noguchii
L. santarosai
L. weilii
L. alexanderi (1999)
L. Wolbachii
L. parva
Little correlation between serologic type and genomospecies

8. Leptospirae. Disease characteristic
Leptospirae Disease characteristic Domestic animals most commonly affected : dog : septicemia, hepatic & renal disease cattle and swine : septic illness in young animals, abortion horses : abortion and recurrent uveitis human : acute hemorrhagic disease, acute hepatitis with jaundice

9. * contact of mucous membrane or skin with urine contaminated material
Transmission
* contact of mucous membrane or skin with urine contaminated material
* milk from acutely infected cows
* genital excretion from cattle and swine
Toxins
* endotoxin
* hemolysin

10. Pathogenesis. Relates to virulence of infecting serovar
Pathogenesis Relates to virulence of infecting serovar and susceptibility of host species
moist softened skin or mucous membrane
blood stream
maybe clear from circulation following appearance of antibodies (10 days)
colonizing particularly liver & kidney others: muscles, eyes, meninges, uterus

11. hemorrhage, hemolytic anemia
Pathogenesis (continue)
degenerate changes damage vascular endothelium, RBC
hemorrhage, hemolytic anemia
2ry change - liver damage, blood destruction icterus - renal tubule injury nephritis

12. Pathogenesis & Pathogenicity
Organism through mucous membrane
hematogenous
proliferation spleen, kidney, liver
fever, anemia, hemorrhage at submucosa
and subserosa, conjunctivitis, icterus, nephrosis
uremia
last stage causes toxemia from liver, kidney and
vascular endothelium damage

13. leptospirosis in animals
Canine Leptospirosis
L. canicola*, L. pomona, L. grippotyphosa etc.
subacute or uremic form
in apparent form
L. icterohaemorrhagiae
acute hemolytic anemia
icteric, hepatic necrosis
recovered dog sheds organism through urine
for months
L. bratislava, L. seijoe etc.
*Host-adapted serovar

14. dog Multifocal necrosis in liver Multifocal hemorrhage in lung
Multifocal interstitisl nephritis and renal tubule
dog

15. Bovine Leptospirosis Swine Leptospirosis
L. pomona, L. hardjo*
fever, agalactia
infertility, abortion,
hemoglobinuria,
icterus
L. grippotyphosa, L. seijoe, L. icterohaemorrhagiae etc.
Swine Leptospirosis
L. pomona*
in apparent form
abortion at last stage
infrequent metritis, icterus
L. bratislava, L. tarassovi, L. icterohaemorrhagiae etc.

16. Multifocal interstitial nephritis

17. Leptospirosis in pig

18. Equine Leptospirosis Ovine Leptospirosis Immunity
L. pomona, L. bratislava
fever, icterus, abortion, stilbirth
ophthalmitis, renal disease in young one
L. hardjo*
acute hemolytic anemia
interstitial nephritis in lambs
L. pomona
hemolytic anemia, abortion in ewes
generally solid after recovery & serovar specific
Ovine Leptospirosis
Immunity

19. Conjunctival suffusion
icterus

20. Pulmonary haemorrhage (human leptospirosis)

21. Isolation & Identification
1). examine only fresh urine by dark field
formalinized urine destroyed motility
other body fluid need low - speed centrifugation
2). inoculate to guinea pig or hamster, from
urine, blood, exudate, when bacteremia, the experimental animal’s blood is used for isolation, using specific antisera for serogrouping and serotyping The agent maybe isolated from blood during 7-10 days and from urine 2 wks after initial infection either by culture in liquid medium or by animal inoculation

22. Isolation & Identification
3). organisms may be demonstrated in kidney
section with special stain
4). FA technique, identify Leptospira in
tissues and urine sediment
5) serology - microplate agglutination live culture & test serum (paired serum) four – fold rise titre

23. Leptospira in tissue, silver stainning

24. Fluorescence antibody technique