1. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

2. Structures of the respiratory system
Answer these questions while watching the following video:
What are bronchioles?
What is the trachea?
What are alveoli?
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

3. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
Watch Youtube Video Respiratory System……………….
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

4. Structures of the respiratory system
Upper Respiratory System
Nose
Sinuses
Pharynx
Epiglottis
Larynx
Lower Respiratory System
Trachea
Lungs
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

5. Structures of the Upper Respiratory System
Nose
Nasal cavity – space behind the nose
FYI:
Vestibular region
Olfactory region
Respiratory region
Nasal septum – cartilage that divides the nose into right and left sides
Cilia – nose hairs
Turbinates – scroll-like bones in the respiratory region (watch video next slide)
Why do we have nose hair?
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

6. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
Watch Youtube Video Turbinates viewed ……………….
 (Nasal concha) Turbinates are bony structures inside your nose covered by mucous membranes. They act as radiators in your nose by adding warm moist heat to the air that passes as we breathe. The turbinates are very susceptable to allergy and dust irritation.
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

7. Structures of the Upper Respiratory System
Sinuses - Cavities in the skull.
Ducts connect sinuses to the nasal cavity
Lined with mucous membrane to warm and moisten the air
Provide resonance to the voice
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

8. Structures of the Upper Respiratory System
Pharynx
Throat
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
About 5” long
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

9. Structures of the Upper Respiratory System
Epiglottis
A flap or lid that closes over the opening to the larynx when food is swallowed
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

10. Structures of the Upper Respiratory System
Larynx
Voice Box
Triangular chamber below pharynx
Within the larynx are vocal cords, the glottis
Also called the Adam’s Apple
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

11. Structures of the Lower Respiratory System
Can you
identify
the trachea?
Trachea
Windpipe
Approximately 4 ½” long
The walls are composed of alternate bands of membrane and C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage.
Lined with ciliated mucous membrane
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

12. Structures of the Lower Respiratory System
At the lower end of trachea, the bronchus divide into right and left branches.
As they enter the lungs, the bronchus subdivide into bronchial tubes and into bronchioles.
At the end of the bronchioles are alveolar ducts and clusters of alveoli.
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

13. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
Watch Youtube Video Respiratory System……………….
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

14. Watch Youtube Video Respiratory System………………. http://
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

15. Structures of the Lower Respiratory System
Bronchi
Ciliated mucous membrane and hyaline cartilage
Bronchial tubes
Cartilaginous plates
Bronchioles
Thinner walls of smooth muscle
Lined with ciliated epithelium
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

16. Structures of the Lower Respiratory System
Alveoli – Where 02 & CO2 exchange…….
Composed of a single layer of epithelial tissue
Contain surfactant …fatty substance that keeps the alveoli from collapsing
Each alveolus is surrounded by capillaries
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

17. Watch Youtube Video Respiratory System………………. http://
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

18. Structures of the Lower Respiratory System
The lungs are located in the thoracic cavity
Apex
Base
Fit snugly over diaphragm (muscle used
for breathing).
Lung tissue is porous and spongy.
Right lung
Larger and shorter than the left lung
Displaced by the liver
3 lobes
Left lung
Smaller than the right side
Displaced by the heart
2 lobes
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

19. Structures of the Lower Respiratory System
Pleura
Thin, moist slippery membrane that covers lungs…serous membrane
Double-walled sac
Space is pleural cavity – filled with pleural fluid
 One of the two membranes around the lungs. These two membranes are called the visceral and parietal pleurae. The visceral pleura envelops the lung, and the parietal pleura lines the inner chest wall. There is normally a small quantity (about 3 to 4 teaspoons) of fluid that is spread thinly between the visceral and parietal pleurae. The pleural fluid acts as a lubricant between the two membranes.
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

20. Watch Youtube Video Respiratory System………………. http://
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

21. Structures of the Lower Respiratory System
Mediastinum- 
A septum or cavity between two principal portions of an organ.
Contains the heart and its large vessels, trachea, esophagus, thymus, lymph nodes, and connective tissue
Also called the interpleural space
Located between the lungs
Contains the thoracic viscera (organs)
*The space in the chest between the pleural sacs of the lungs that contains all the tissues and organs of the chest except the lungs and pleurae.
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

22. Structures of the Lower Respiratory System
Diaphragm from the muscular system!
The diaphragm, located below the lungs, is the
major muscle of respiration. It is a large, dome-shaped muscle that contracts rhythmically and continually, and most of the time, involuntarily. Upon inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and flattens and the chest cavity enlarges. This contraction creates a vacuum, which pulls air into the lungs. Upon exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and returns to its domelike shape, and air is forced out of the lungs.
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

23. 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system
Breathing
External respiration- gas exchange in the lungs occurs between the blood and air in the atmosphere
Internal respiration - gas exchange at the cellular level where oxygen goes from the blood stream to the cells
Exhalation
Inhalation
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

24. Watch Youtube Video Respiratory System………………. http://
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

25. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
Inspiration
The part of respiration that involves air being taken into the lungs. The intercostal muscle lifts ribs outward, sternum rises and the diaphragm contracts and moves downward - this increases the volume of the lungs and air rushes in.
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

26. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
Expiration
Opposite action takes place (diaphragm relaxes and pushes up causing decrease in air volume in the lungs by helping to empty the lungs).
Exhalation
is a passive
process
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

27. Breathing 1 inspiration + 1 expiration = 1 respiration
How many times does a normal adult breath per minute?
Normal # of breaths an adult takes each minute-14-20
Increases with exercise, body temperature, certain diseases.
Changes with age – newborn = 40-60/min
Sleep = respirations ↓
Emotion can ↑ or ↓ respiratory rate

28. Watch Youtube Video Yawning………………. http://youtu.be/ew_iZTPoC3c
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

29. Respiratory Movements
Compare respiratory movements.
Coughing
Hiccups
Sneezing
Yawning
Why do they occur?
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

30. Watch Youtube Video Hiccups………………. http://youtu.be/by_c7FWvUl8
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

31. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
Control of Breathing
Breathing is controlled by:
Neural Factors
and
Chemical Factors
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

32. 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system
Control of breathing
Neural Factors
Respiratory center located in an area located in the pons and the medulla oblongata, the lowest portion of the brain stem
PHRENIC NERVE – stimulates the diaphragm
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

33. 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system
Control of breathing
Chemical Factors
CO2 and O2 levels in the blood is sensed by the brain (respiratory center in brain)
Chemoreceptor in aorta and carotid arteries sensitive to the amount of blood O2
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

34. Watch Youtube Video Respiratory System………………. http://
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

35. 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system
Types of breathing
Apnea (not or without)
Dyspnea (painful or difficult)
Eupnea (good)
Hyperpnea (excessive or more than normal)
Orthopnea (straight)
Tachypnea (fast)
Hyperventilation
*1. tachypnea = "rapid ventilation" (breathing) *2. hyperpnea = "deep ventilation-with or without increased rate"
*3. hyperventilation = increased minute volume ventilation which results in lowered carbon dioxide levels and increase in O2
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

36. Watch Youtube Video Respiratory System………………. http://
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

37. FYI: Lung capacity and volume
Tidal (TV), about 500 mL, is the amount of air inspired during normal, relaxed breathing.
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)-
about 3,100 mL, is the additional air that can be
forcibly inhaled after the inspiration of a normal
tidal volume.
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)-
about 1,200 mL, is the additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after the expiration of a normal tidal volume.
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

38. FYI: Lung capacity and volume
Vital lung capacity (VC) - bout 4,800 mL, is the total amount of air that can be expired after fully inhaling (VC = TV + IRV + ERV = approximately 80 percent TLC). The value varies according to age and body size.
Residual volume (RV) -about
1,200 mL, is the volume of air still
remaining in the lungs after the expiratory
reserve volume is exhaled.
Functional residual capacity (FRC) - about 2,400 mL, is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration (FRC = RV + ERV).
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

39. FYI: Lung capacity and volume
Total lung capacity is a total of:
Tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve
Expiratory reserve
Residual air
Sample
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

40. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
Watch Youtube Video Respiratory System……………….
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

41. Respiratory disorders
COMMON COLD
What is it? What causes it?
Hand-washing – best preventative measure
How long
should you
wash your hands?
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

42. COMMON COLD Contagious viral respiratory infection
Indirect causes – chilling, fatigue, lack of proper food, and not enough sleep
Rx – Rest, drink warm liquids and fruit juice, good nutrition
Also called an Upper Respiratory Infection (URI)
Hand washing – best preventative measure

43. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
Watch Youtube Video Respiratory System……………….
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

44. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

45. LARYNGITIS Inflammation of larynx or voice box
Often secondary to other respiratory infections
Symptoms – sore throat, hoarseness or loss of voice, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)…treatment = no talking!

46. RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
SINUSITIS
Infection of mucous membrane that lines sinus cavities
Caused by bacteria or virus
Symptoms – headache or pressure, thick nasal discharge, loss of voice resonance
Rx – symptomatic, surgery for chronic sinusitis

47. Watch Youtube Video Respiratory System………………. http://
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

48. Respiratory disorders
Asthma
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

49. ASTHMA Inflammatory airway obstruction
Caused by allergen or psychological stress
5% of Americans have asthma
Symptoms = difficulty exhaling, dyspnea, wheezing, tightness in chest
Rx: anti-inflammatory drugs, inhaled bronchodilator

50. Watch Youtube Video Respiratory System………………. http://
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

51. BRONCHITIS
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchial tubes, producing excessive mucous
May be acute or chronic
Acute bronchitis characterized by cough, fever, substernal pain and RALES (raspy sound)
Chronic bronchitis – middle or old age, cigarette smoking most common cause

52. Respiratory disorders
Bronchitis
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

53. Watch Youtube Video Respiratory System………………. http://
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

54. REPIRATORY DISORDERS
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) – Describes chronic lung conditions, especially emphysema and chronic bronchitis Rx – alleviate the symptoms, decrease exposure to respiratory irritants, prevent infections, restructure activities to prevent need for O2

55. EMPHYSEMA Alveoli becomes over dilated, lose their elasticity.
May eventually rupture
Air becomes trapped, can’t exhale – forced
exhalation required
Reduced exchange of O2 and CO2
Dyspnea increases as disease progresses

56. INFLUENZA (Flu)
Viral infection (VIRUS) causing inflammation of the mucous membrane of lungs
Fever, mucopurulent discharge, muscular pain, extreme exhaustion
Complications – pneumonia, neuritis, otitis media and pleuresy
Rx – treat the symptoms

57. PNEUMONIA Infection of the lung Caused by bacteria or virus.
Alveoli fill with exudates (thick fluid)
Symptoms – chest pain, fever, chills dyspnea
Rx – O2 and antibiotics

58. Respiratory disorders
What can cause
a pneumothorax?
Pneumothorax – collapsed lung due to air entering the pleural cavity

59. Watch Youtube Video Respiratory System………………. http://
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

60. TUBERCULOSIS
Illegal immigration, homelessness and AIDS has caused an increase in US.
Tubercles (lesions) form in the lungs
Symptoms: cough, low grade fever in the afternoon, weight loss, night sweats
Diagnosis – TB skin test
If skin test positive – follow up with chest x-ray and
sputum sample
Rx – antibiotic

61. Relevance of nutrients to the respiratory system
Did you know???
The respiratory system plays a vital role in homeostasis
Vitamin D-
prevents respiratory
disease in newborns
Folate-
prevents
respiratory
infections
Vitamin E-
prevents
common colds
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system