1. WWI:

2. A. Homefront Society of Am. Indians (SAI)
Indian Rights Association (IRA)
Sec. Treasury William McAdoo 1917 War Bonds-Stamps
Indians bought
1st $4.6 million
2nd $4.3 million
3rd $4.3 million
Many Indian women held auctions for the Red Cross
BIA pressures Indians to lease “unused” land to white farmers

3. B. Government 1. Wilson appeals to Indians
2. Western Indians meet with the president and Congress
: Congress begins funding better health services for Indians
US v. Sandoval
5. Creation of Indian Orgs
Society of Am. Indians (SAI)
Alaska Native Brotherhood (ANB), and Sisterhood (ANS)
WWI ends most public health programs

4. C. Pre-War Military Service
1916 Pershing captures Pancho Villa
April 1917 Declaration of War
Debate about segregated or integrated units
May 1917 Selective Service Act
1st and 2nd Call for enrollment and issues of classification
Support and Resistance to Draft
Carlos Montezuma
Lost on the Road in Europe
Boarding school recruitment

5. D. Individuals and the War
Why register or enlist?
Private job - $91.66 a year
1st year sailor $200 a year
Enlisted army - $ a year
“Why did I enlist in the army? Because I wanted to hold up my flag which we and every one of us love so much! All that was in me was to save my Country for democracy, and I am a true American.”

6. D. Individuals and the War
2. Draft issues:
Language: Illiteracy or Non-English
Health: Stoicism, disease and alcoholism
Citizenship criterion
Classes of Draft
11,803 Indian registered before Sept. 1918
6,509 inducted,
55% of registered,
13% of all Indian Men
Only 228 (2% of registrants) claimed deferment
5,500 registered after Sept (Total Reg. 17,000 +)

7. D. Individuals and the War
3. Bootcamp and Disembarking
Cherokee, NC to Camp Jackson, SC
OK Indians to 4 camps in Texas
Apaches, Navajos, Pueblos at Camp Cody, NM & Camp Arthur J. Jones, AZ
Northern Plains to Camp Funston, KS & Camp Dodge, IA
Trains to embarkment at NY harbor, Hoboken NJ, or Newport News VA

8. D. Individuals and the War
Women and the War Effort
Miss Effie Barnett (Choctaw) Agnes Anderson (Callam) Army Nurses in France
Lula Owl (E. Cherokee) in the Army Medical Corp
Tsianina Red Feather (Cherokee) 2 brothers in Army, sang in France

9. E. European distinction
Crpl. John Victor Adams (Siletz, OR) with Douglas MacArthur, wounded at Chateau-Theirrey
Srgt. Otis W. Leader (Choctaw) Battle of Soisson, Machine gunner
Prvt. Joseph Oklahombi (Choctaw, OK) St. Etienne, Croix de Guerre
Indian Aviators: Floberth W. Richester (OK) 7 kills
Indians in Navy, ~1000
Wesley Youngbird (E. Cherokee) Wyoming
William Leon Wolfe (Cree) gunner Utah

10. F. European Code Talking
Oct – 142nd Inf. Reg. 2 Choctaws to talk on Phone
Translation
3rd Battalion = 3 Grains of Corn
Machine gun = little gun shoots fast
Casualties = scalps
Poison gas = bad air
Used last two months 1918: Choctaws, Comanches, Osages, Cheyenne, Sioux

11. G. Stereotypes and Living up to them
Chiefs, runners, snipers
Romanticized portrayal of Indians
1. ancestral fighting tactics and knowledge
2. unique physical-emotional ability to make them better soldiers
3. bloodthirsty
Indian Dancers
June Pawnee vets do a victory dance

12. H. Post War reception 1. 1918 Influenza 2. 1919 Indian Citizenship Act
3. re-enlistment vs. war bonuses
Receive discharge papers, uniform, coat, pair of shoes, bonus $60
Oct New York Times funeral of Allen Otterman (Sioux)