1. Ancient
China
His 1 Part 1

2. Neolithic
China

3. Sinanthropus pekinesis
“Peking Man” (750,000 – 500,000 BCE)
Sinanthropus pekinesis

4. Yellow River Civilization

5. Neolithic Pottery
3000 BCE to 2000 BCE

6. The 4 Old-World River Valley Cultures

7. Pan-Gu: Mythical Creator of the Universe

8. “Chung Kuo” (The “Middle Kingdom”)

9. Hsia Dynasty
BCE

10. Yu, the Great – Founder of the Hsia
Origami did not originate in China, it Originated in Korea.

11. “Huangdi” – Emperor The “Yellow Emperor.”
Legend has it that he ruled for over years.
Associated with the invention of wheeled vehicles, ships, armor, pottery, and silk-making.

12. Emperor Fuxi Mythical Hsia ruler.
Taught the Chinese how to read and write, according to legend.

13. Hsia Plaque, 1700 BCE

14. Shang Dynasty
BCE

15. Bronze Age Empires

16. Shang: BCE

17. Oracle Bones

18. Oracle Bones Calendar

19. The Evolution of Chinese Writing during the Shang
Pictographs
Semantic-Phonetics

20. Ceremonial Dagger – 1028 BCE
Axe Scepter – 1100 BCE - jade
Ceremonial Dagger – 1028 BCE

21. Shang Urn

22. Shang Bronzes

23. Ritual Wine Vessel – bronze, 13c BCE

24. Zhou Dynasty
BCE

25. Western Zhou: BCE

26. Eastern Zhou: BCE

27. Ritual Food Vessel, bronze 11c BCE (Western Zhou)

28. Pendant of a Dancer - jade 3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)

29. Ritual Wine Vessel – 4c bronze, silver, gold, copper

30. Zhou Coins - bronze

31. “T’ien Ming” The Mandate of Heaven
The leader must lead by ability and virtue.
The dynasty's leadership must be justified by succeeding generations.
The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse; the will of the people was important.

32. The Dynastic Cycle Start here A new dynasty comes to power.
The emperor reforms the govt. & makes it more efficient.
Emperor is defeated !!
Lives of common people improved; taxes reduced; farming encouraged.
The Dynastic Cycle
Rebel bands find strong leader who unites them. Attack the emperor.
Problems begin (extensive wars, invasions, etc.)
Poor lose respect for govt. They join rebels & attack landlords.
Taxes increase; men forced to work for army. Farming neglected.
Droughts, floods, famines occur.
Govt. increases spending; corruption.

33. Chinese Philosophies & Ethical Codes
His 1 Part 1 Religion

34. Confucianism

35. Confucius 551 – 479 B.C.E. Born in the feudal state of Liu.
Became a teacher and editor of books.

36. Major Confucian Principles
Li --> Rite, rules, ritual decorum (Binding force of an enduring stable society)
Ren --> humaneness, benevolence, humanity
Shu --> Reciprocity, empathy
Do not do unto others what you would not want others to do unto you.
Yi --> Righteousness
Xiao --> Filial Piety (Respect your elders!)

37. 5 Principle Relationships
1. Ruler
Subject
2. Father
Son
3. Husband
Wife
4. Older Brother
Younger Brother
5. Older Friend
Younger Friend

38. Organizing Principles
Status
Age
Gender

39. The Analects In Chinese, it means “conversation.”
The single most important Confucian work.
In Chinese, it means “conversation.”
Focus on practicalities of interpersonal relationships and the relationship of the role of rulers and ministers to the conduct of government.

40. Sayings from The Analects
Knowing what he knows and knowing what he doesn’t know, is characteristics of the person who knows.
Making a mistake and not correcting it, is making another mistake.
The superior man blames himself; the inferior man blames others.
To go too far is as wrong as to fall short.

41. Stones Engraved with Confucius' Life Stories

42. Confucius' Tomb

43. Mencius 372 - 289 B.C.E. Disciple of Confucius.
Starts off with the assumption that “people are basically good.”
If someone does something bad, education, not punishment, is the answer.
Good people will mend their ways in accordance to their inherent goodness.

44. Differences in Cultures
INDIA
CHINA
1. Brahmin
1. Scholar-Gentry
2. Kshatriyas
2. Peasants
3. Vaishyas
3. Artisans
4. Shudras
4. Merchants
Untouchables
Soldiers
Imperial Nobility
Domestic Slaves

45. Legalism

46. Han Fei
280? B.C.E.
Han Fe Zi.
Lived during the late Warring States period.
Legalism became the political philosophy of the Qin [Ch’in] Dynasty.

47. Major Legalist Principles
1. Human nature is naturally selfish.
2. Intellectualism and literacy is discouraged.
3. Law is the supreme authority and replaces morality.
4. The ruler must rule with a strong, punishing hand.
5. War is the means of strengthening a ruler’s power.

48. Authoritarian
One who favors the principle that individuals should obey a powerful authority rather than exercise individual freedom.
The ruler, therefore, “cracks his whip” on the backs of his subjects!

49. Daoism

50. Lao Zi [Lao-Tzu] His name means “Old Master”
Not sure when he died. [604 B.C.E. - ?]
His name means “Old Master”
Was he Confucius’ teacher?

51. The Dao De Jing The basic text of Daoism.
In Chinese, it means The Classic in the Way and Its Power.
Daoism is the belief of living in harmony with nature
Angkor Wat is a Khmer Temple

52. Major Daoist Principles
1. Dao [Tao] is the first-cause of the universe. It is a force that flows through all life.
2. A believer’s goal is to become one with Dao; one with nature. [“The butterfly or the man?” story.]
3. Wu wei --> “Let nature take its course.” > “The art of doing nothing.” > “Go with the flow!”
4. Man is unhappy because he lives acc. to man-made laws, customs, & traditions that are contrary to the ways of nature.

53. The "Dao" [Tao]
To escape the “social, political, & cultural traps” of life, one must escape by:
1. Rejecting formal knowledge and learning.
2. Relying on the senses and instincts.
3. Discovering the nature and “rhythm” of the universe.
4. Ignoring political and social laws.

54. The Universe of Opposites:
Find the Balance!
Yin
Masculine
Active
Light
Warmth
Strong
Heaven; Sun
Feminine
Passive
Darkness
Cold
Weak
Earth; Moon
Yang

55. The Uniqueness of Daoism
How is a man to live in a world dominated by chaos, suffering, and absurdity??
Confucianism --> Moral order in society.
Legalism --> Rule by harsh law & order.
Daoism --> Freedom for individuals and less govt. to avoid uniformity and conformity.