1. Fertility and Infertility

2. Fertility
Infertility
Sterility

3. Fertility
is the ability of a cow to give birth of a live calf at approximately 12 months intervals.

4. Infertility
or subfertility is reduced the fertility. The cow may be capable to becoming pregnant and giving birth of a live calf but the interval may be much longer than 12 months.

5. Sterility
is the total inability of a cow to become pregnant and to give birth of a live calf.

6. There are many factors causing infertility: 1. Anatomical causes.
2. Physiological (Functional) causes.
3. Infectious causes.
4. Managemental causes.

7. The causes of infertility are relate to:
Follicle development and maturation.
Oestrus onset.
successful insemination.
Ovulation.
Fertilization.
Implantation.
Development and delivery of the foetus.

8. The infertility occur due to:
1. No estrus cycle.
2. No estrus signs.
3. Repeat estrus cycle.
4. Prolonged estrus cycle.

9. Anatomical causes of infertility:
Congenital anomalies:
Congenital causes of infertility are often inherited. They include developmental
abnormalities of the ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix, vagina and vulva.

10. Ovarian Agenesis:
One or both ovaries may be absence.

11. Ovarian Hypoplasia:
In this condition one or both ovaries are small, narrow and functionless.

12. Intersexuality - Freemartin:
This case occur when the female calve born as a twin with a male calve.
This case occur due to the anastomosis of blood vessels of the allantoic sacs from the earlier differentiating fetal testicle to retard the development of the female gonads.

13. Intersexuality - Freemartin:
The result is an intersex with outward appearance of female and internal sex organs of a mixed type.

14. Intersexuality - Freemartin:
The ovaries remain hypoplastic.
The vulva shows a tuft of hair.
The clitoris is markedly enlarged.
The cervix is absent and the uterus is represented by two solid cords.

15. Intersexuality - Freemartin:

16. Intersexuality - Freemartin:

17. Segmental Aplasia of Muellerian ducts
(White heifer disease):
Developmental defects of the Muellerian ducts lead to various anomalies of the vagina, cervix and uterus.
The ovaries develop normally and animal show normal cyclic behaviour.
The cow may be subfertile or sterile.

18. Uterus unicornis: only one uterine horn has a lumen, the other
appearing
as a narrow,
flat band.

19. Uterus didelphys:
Where there is
duplication of the
lumen of the
cervix, each
uterine horn
connects with
the vagina by
a separate cervical canal.

20. Uterus didelphys:
Where there is
duplication of the
lumen of the
cervix, each
uterine horn
connects with
the vagina by
a separate cervical canal.

21. Anatomical causes of infertility:
Acquired anomalies:
Ovarobursal adhesions

22. Ovarobursal adhesions:
There is an adhesions between the ovary and bursa.
The adhesion is occurred due to formation of fibrous strand of varying thickness which connect the fimbriae (bursa) to the ovary.
The adhesion is occur partially or completely.

23. Ovarobursal adhesions:

24. Ovarobursal adhesions:
Unilateral ovarobursal adhesions in Buffaloes

25. Bilateral ovarobursal adhesions in Buffaloes

26. Ovarobursal adhesions:
Causes:
Rough manipulation of ovary through rectal palpation.
Expression of corpus luteum (manually).
Diffuse peritonitis (Tuberculosis, traumatic reticular penetration).

27. Adhesions of the uterus:
It occur as a complication of caesarean section or due to uterine rupture.
The adhesion occur between the uterus and omentum, intestines or abdominal wall.

28. Bilateral ovarobursal adhesions in Buffaloes

29. bilateral ovarobursal adhesions with
uterine adhesions in Buffaloes

30. Salpingitis: The inflammation of oviduct.
Oviduct Acquired anomalies :
Hydrosalpnix: It occur as a complete obstruction of oviduct due to infection or due to fibrosis.
Salpingitis: The inflammation of oviduct.
Pyosalpnix: chronic inflammation of oviduct with pus and fibrosis it

31. Unilateral Hydrosalpinx in Buffaloes

32. Bilateral Hydrosalpinx in Buffaloes

33. Bilateral Salpingitis in Buffaloes

34. Fibrosis:
It occur in the uterus, cervix, vagina and vulva.
It occur mainly after dystocia and complication of birth.
It occur as a result of sever pyogenic infection.

35. Tumours of the genital organs:
Granulosa cell tumours are the common type of tumours of bovine ovaries.
Uterine tumours are rare in cattle but a few cases were reported such as adenocarcinoma and lymphosarcoma.

36. Tumours of the genital organs:

37. Tumours of the genital organs: