1. The Reproductive System27
The Reproductive System

2. Urinary bladder Superficial inguinal ring (end of inguinal canal)
Testicular artery
Spermatic cord
Ductus (vas)
deferens
Penis
Autonomic
nerve fibers
Middle septum
of scrotum
Pampiniform
venous plexus
Cremaster muscle
External spermatic
fascia
Epididymis
Tunica vaginalis
(from peritoneum)
Superficial fascia
containing dartos
muscle
Tunica albuginea
of testis
Scrotum
Internal spermatic
fascia
Skin
Figure 27.2

3. Online Bull reproductive tract dissection
Figure 27.3a
Section of a testicle of a steer, blood vessels injected with red gelatine.
1 parenchyma
2 mediastinum testis
3 tunica albuginea
4 tail of epididymis
5 head of epididymis
6 spermatic cord with convoluted testicular artery
Bull testes: Schematic drawing of testicle and epididymis. 1 Tunica albuginea, 2 Septula testis, 3 Lobulus testis, 4 Mediastinum testis, 5 Tubuli seminiferi contorti, 6 Tubuli seminiferi recti, 7 Rete testis, 8 Ductuli efferentes testis, 9 Ductus epididymidis, 10 initial part of deferent duct
Online Bull reproductive tract dissection

4. Seminiferous tubule (c) Interstitial cells Spermatogenic
cells in tubule
epithelium
Areolar
connective
tissue
Myoid
cells
Sperm
Figure 27.3c

5. Cross section of seminiferous tubule
Testes
Each lobule contains one to four seminiferous tubules
Tightly coiled structures
Function as sperm-forming factories
Empty sperm into the rete testis
Sperm travels through the rete testis to the epididymis
Interstitial cells produce androgens such as testosterone
Cross section of seminiferous tubule
Figure 16.1

6. Spermiogenesis (64-72 days)
Lumen
FSH +
testosterone +
testosterone
Maturation sequence +
LH (ICSH)
Lumen

7. Sperm: Head (Acrosome + Nucleus), Midpiece (Mitochondria), Tail

8. Suspensory ligament of ovary Infundibulum Uterine tube Ovary Fimbriae
Peritoneum
Uterus
Uterosacral
ligament
Round ligament
Vesicouterine
pouch
Perimetrium
Rectouterine
pouch
Urinary bladder
Pubic symphysis
Rectum
Mons pubis
Posterior fornix
Cervix
Urethra
Anterior fornix
Clitoris
Vagina
External urethral
orifice
Anus
Hymen
Urogenital diaphragm
Labium minus
Greater vestibular
(Bartholin’s) gland
Labium majus
Figure 27.10

9. Uterine (fallopian) tube Uterine tube Ovarian blood vessels Fundus
Suspensory
ligament of ovary
Uterine (fallopian) tube
Uterine
tube
Ovarian blood
vessels
Fundus
of uterus
Lumen (cavity)
of uterus
Ampulla
Mesosalpinx
Ovary
Isthmus
Mesovarium
Infundibulum
Broad
ligament
Fimbriae
Mesometrium
Round ligament of uterus
Ovarian ligament
Endometrium
Body of uterus
Myometrium
Wall of uterus
Ureter
Uterine blood vessels
Perimetrium
Isthmus
Internal os
Uterosacral ligament
Cervical canal
Lateral cervical
(cardinal) ligament
External os
Vagina
Lateral fornix
Cervix
(a)
Figure 27.12a

10. 4. 3. 1. 2. 5. 6. 8. 7. Tunica albuginea Oocyte Granulosa cells
Late secondary follicle 4.
Degenerating corpus
luteum (corpus
albicans)
Cortex 3.
Mesovarium and
blood vessels 1. 2.
Germinal
epithelium
Vesicular
(Graafian)
follicle
Primary
follicles
Antrum
Oocyte 5.
Ovarian
ligament
Zona
pellucida 6.
Theca
folliculi
Medulla 8. 7.
Ovulated
oocyte
Corpus luteum
Developing
corpus luteum
Corona
radiata
(a) Diagrammatic view of an ovary sectioned to reveal the follicles in its interior
Figure 27.11a

11. Ovarian Tissue
Corpora lutea

12. Oogenesis General Features Steps of Oogenesis
The total supply of eggs are present at birth
Ability to release eggs begins at puberty
Reproductive ability ends at menopause
Steps of Oogenesis
Oocytes are matured in developing ovarian follicles
Oogonia – female stem cells found in developing fetus, divide mitotically-> 1o oocytes
Primary oocytes are surrounded by cells that form primary follicles in the ovary
Oogonia no longer exist by the time of birth
Primary oocytes are inactive until puberty
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) causes some primary follicles to mature
Meiosis starts inside maturing follicle producing a secondary oocyte and the first polar body
Meiosis is completed after ovulation only if sperm penetrates and two additional polar bodies are produced

13. Mons pubis Labia Prepuce majora of clitoris Labia minora Clitoris
(glans)
Urethral
orifice
Vestibule
Hymen
(ruptured)
Vaginal
orifice
Anus
Opening of the duct
of the greater
vestibular gland
(a)
Figure 27.14a

14. Pectoralis major muscle Suspensory ligament
First rib
Skin (cut)
Pectoralis major muscle
Suspensory ligament
Adipose tissue
Lobe
Areola
Nipple
Opening of
lactiferous duct
Lactiferous sinus
Lactiferous duct
Lobule containing
alveoli
Hypodermis
(superficial fascia)
Intercostal muscles
(a)
(b)
Figure 27.15

15. Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle
Cyclic changes in endometrium in response to ovarian hormones
Three phases
Days 1–5: menstrual phase
Days 6–14: proliferative (preovulatory) phase
Days 15–28: secretory (postovulatory) phase (constant 14-day length)

16. Endometrium of the Uterus
Lumen of uterus
Epithelium
Capillaries
Uterine glands
Venous sinusoids
Lamina propria of
connective tissue
Spiral (coiled) artery
Straight artery
Endometrial vein
Smooth muscle fibers
Radial artery
Arcuate artery
Uterine artery
(b)
Figure 27.13b

17. Uterine Cycle Menstrual phase
Endometrial
glands
Blood vessels
Menstrual
flow
Functional layer
Basal layer
Days
Menstrual
phase
Proliferative
phase
Secretory
phase
Menstrual phase
Ovarian hormones are at their lowest levels
Gonadotropins are beginning to rise
Stratum functionalis of the endometrium is shed and the menstrual flow occurs

18. Uterine Cycle Proliferative phase
Endometrial
glands
Blood vessels
Menstrual
flow
Functional layer
Basal layer
Days
Menstrual
phase
Proliferative
phase
Secretory
phase
Proliferative phase
Estrogen levels prompt generation of new functional layer and increased synthesis of progesterone receptors in endometrium
Glands enlarge and spiral arteries increase in number
Rebuilding of the functional layer of the endometrium (stratum functionalis).
Perimetrium

19. Uterine Cycle Endometrial glands Blood vessels Menstrual flow
Functional layer
Basal layer
Days
Menstrual
phase
Proliferative
phase
Secretory
phase
Secretory phase
Begins immediately after ovulation.
Progesterone levels prompt
Further development of endometrium
Glandular secretion of glycogen
Formation of the cervical mucus plug
Enrichment of the blood supply and glandular secretion of nutrients prepare the endometrium to receive an embryo
Perimetrium

20. Sheep vs Human Uteri
Cow uterus dissection online

21. Mammary Glands