2. 1.1: Introduction
Questions and observations that have led to knowledge.
Knowledge about structure and function of the human body.

4. “The complementarity of structure and function.”
1.2: Anatomy & Physiology
Anatomy – the study of the structure of the human body
Physiology – the study of the function of the human body
“The complementarity of structure and function.”

6. 1.3: Levels of Organization
Subatomic Particles – electrons, protons, and neutrons
Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom, etc.
Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule, etc.
Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule, etc.
Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, etc.
Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell, etc.
Tissue – simple squamous eithelium, adipose tissue, etc.
Organ – skin, femur, heart, kidney, etc.
Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system, etc.
Organism – the human

7. Levels of Organization
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Subatomic particles
Atom
Organ system
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organ
Organelle
Organism
Cell
Tissue

8. 1.1 Clinical Application Ultrasound (US)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

12. 1.4: Characteristics of Life (10)
Movement – change in position; motion
Responsiveness – reaction to a change
Growth – increase in body size; no change in shape
Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells
Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods
Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler forms

13. Characteristics of Life Continued
Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids
Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids
Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms
Excretion – removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions
Life’s characteristics which obtain, release, and utilize energy are largely part of metabolism (all of the chemical reactions in an organism that support life).

14. 1.5: Maintenance of Life
Life depends on five (5) environmental factors:
Water
Food
Oxygen
Heat
Pressure

15. Requirements of Organisms
Water
- most abundant substance in body
- required for metabolic processes
- required for transport of substances
- regulates body temperature
Food
- provides necessary nutrients
- supplies energy
- supplies raw materials

16. Requirements of Organisms
Oxygen (gas)
- one-fifth of air
- used to release energy from nutrients
Heat
- form of energy
- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions
Pressure
- application of force on an object
- atmospheric pressure – important for breathing
- hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing

17. * Maintaining of a stable internal environment
Homeostasis*
* Maintaining of a stable internal environment
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms – monitors aspects of the internal environment and corrects as needed. Variations are within limits. There are three (3) parts:
Receptor - provides information about the stimuli
Control Center - tells what a particular value should be (called the set point)
Effector - elicits responses that change conditions in the internal environment

18. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Control center
(set point)
(Change is compared
to the set point.)
Receptors
Effectors
(muscles or glands)
Stimulus
(Change occurs
in internal
environment.)
Response
(Change is corrected.)

19. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Control center
The hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector organs.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors
send signals to the
control center.
Effectors
Skin blood vessels
dilate and sweat glands
secrete.
Stimulus
Body temperature
rises above normal.
Response
Body heat is lost to
surroundings, temperature
drops toward normal.
too high
Normal body
temperature
37°C (98.6°F)
too low
Stimulus
Body temperature
drops below normal.
Response
Body heat is conserved,
temperature rises toward normal.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors
send signals to the
control center.
Effectors
Skin blood
vessels constrict
and sweat glands
remain inactive.
Effectors
Muscle
activity
generates
body heat.
Control center
The hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector organs.
If body temperature
continues to drop,
control center signals
muscles to contract
Involuntarily.

20. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
There are two (2) types:
Negative feedback mechanisms
Positive feedback mechanisms

21. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Negative feedback summary:
Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body
Corrects the set point
Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i.e. the ‘negative’
Most common type of feedback loop
Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation

22. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Positive feedback summary:
Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body
Short-lived
Do not require continuous adjustments
Examples: blood clotting and child birth

23. 1.6: Organization of the Human Body
Cranial cavity
Cranial cavity
Vertebral canal
Vertebral canal
Right pleural
cavity
Mediastinum
Thoracic
cavity
Thoracic cavity
Left pleural cavity
Pericardial
cavity
Diaphragm
Diaphragm
Abdominal
cavity
Abdominal
cavity
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Pelvic cavity
Pelvic cavity
(b)
(a)

24. Thoracic & Abdominal Serous Membranes
Visceral layer – covers an organ
Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall
Thoracic Membranes
Visceral pleura
Parietal pleura
Visceral pericardium
Parietal pericardium
Abdominopelvic Membranes
Parietal peritoneum
Visceral peritoneum

25. Serous Membranes
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Plane of
section
Vertebra
Spinal cord
Spinal cord
Plane of
section
Vertebra
Mediastinum
Azygos v.
Right kidney
Aorta
Aorta
Left
kidney
Left lung
Inferior
vena cava
Esophagus
Pancreas
Spleen
Right lung
Rib
Large
intestine
Small intestine
Right atrium
of heart
Liver
Large intestine
Left ventricle
of heart
Rib
Right ventricle
of heart
Gallbladder
Visceral pleura
Duodenum
Costal cartilage
Visceral pericardium
Pleural cavity
Visceral peritoneum
Stomach
Parietal pleura
Anterior
Pericardial cavity
Peritoneal cavity
Anterior
Sternum
Parietal pericardium
Parietal peritoneum
Fibrous pericardium

26. Organ Systems Integumentary system Skeletal system Muscular system
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Integumentary system
Skeletal system
Muscular system

27. Organ Systems Nervous system Endocrine system
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Nervous system
Endocrine system

28. Organ Systems Cardiovascular system Lymphatic system
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cardiovascular system
Lymphatic system

29. Organ Systems Digestive system Respiratory system Urinary system
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Digestive system
Respiratory system
Urinary system

30. Organ Systems Male reproductive system Female reproductive system
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Male reproductive system
Female reproductive system

31. 1.7: Lifespan Changes
Aging occurs from the microscopic level to the whole-body level.
Can you think of some examples?

32. 1.8: Anatomical Terminology
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Anatomical Position – standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward and thumbs out
Integumentary system

33. Anatomical Terminology: Orientation and Directional Terms
Terms of Relative Position (based on anatomical position):
Superior (above)/Inferior (below)
Anterior or ventral (toward the front) / Posterior or dorsal ( toward the back)
Medial (toward the midline)/Lateral (to the sides)
Bilateral (paired structures)
Ipsilateral (same side) / Contralateral (opposite sides)
Proximal (close to point of attachment)/Distal (farther from ponit of attachment)
Superficial (close to body surface)/Deep (more internal

34. Body Sections or Planes
Sagittal – divides body into left and right portions
Mid-sagittal/Median – divides body into equal left and right portions
Transverse or Horizontal – divides body into superior and inferior portions
Coronal or Frontal – divides body into anterior and posterior portions

35. Body Sections NEW FIGURE 12.1 A section along the median plane
(midsagittal)
plane
Parasagittal
plane
Transverse
(horizontal)
plane
A section along the
median plane
NEW FIGURE 12.1
A section along a transverse
plane
Frontal
(coronal)
plane
A section along a frontal
plane

36. Body Sections
(a)
(b)
(c)

37. Other Body Sections Oblique section Cross-section (a) (b) (c)
Longitudinal
section
(a)
(b)
(c)

38. Abdominal Subdivisions
Right
hypochondriac
region
Left
hypochondriac
region
Epigastric
region
Right upper
quadrant (RUQ)
Left upper
quadrant (LUQ)
Right
lumbar
region
Left
lumbar
region
Umbilical
region
Right lower
quadrant (RLQ)
Left lower
quadrant (LLQ)
Right
iliac
region
Left
iliac
region
Hypogastric
region

39. Body Regions
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cephalic (head)
Frontal (forehead)
Otic (ear)
Orbital (eye cavity)
Nasal (nose)
Occipital
(back of head)
Oral (mouth)
Buccal (cheek)
Cervical (neck)
Mental (chin)
Acromial
(point of shoulder)
Sternal
Acromial
(point of shoulder)
Pectoral
(chest)
Axillary (armpit)
Vertebral
(spinal column)
Mammary (breast)
Brachial (arm)
Brachial
(arm)
Dorsum (back)
Umbilical
(navel)
Antecubital
(front of elbow)
Cubital (elbow)
Abdominal
(abdomen)
Inguinal
(groin)
Lumbar
(lower back)
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Sacral (between hips)
Coxal
(hip)
Gluteal (buttocks)
Carpal (wrist)
Perineal
Palmar (palm)
Digital (finger)
Femoral (thigh)
Genital
(reproductive organs)
Patellar
(front of knee)
Popliteal (back of knee)
Sural (calf)
Crural (leg) T
arsal (instep)
Pedal (foot)
Digital (toe)
Plantar (sole)
(a)
(b)