1. Jane Jacobs was well known for organizing grassroots efforts to protect existing neighborhoods from "slum clearance" – and particularly for her opposition to Robert Moses in his plans to overhaul her neighborhood, Greenwich Village. She was instrumental in the eventual cancellation of the Lower Manhattan Expressway, which would have passed directly through SoHo and Little Italy, and was arrested in 1968 for inciting a crowd at a public hearing on the project. Her influential book The Death and Life of Great American Cities (1961) argued that urban renewal did not respect the needs of most city-dwellers. The book also introduced sociological concepts such as "eyes on the street" and "social capital".

2. ROBERT MOSES’S PLANS FOR THE LOWER MANHATTEN EXPRESSWAY
It was from his staunch modernist dogma that some of the greatest urban designers we know, such as Jane Jacobs who will be discussed in this post, responded so passionately to his beliefs. To any who have studied urban design, it’s been made clear that without the fundamental disagreement between the modernist planning beliefs centered on the automobile and urban renewal, and those that wished to return urban planning back to humanity and people, urban design would not be a profession today.

7. JEAN BAUDRILLARD was a post-structuralists
JEAN BAUDRILLARD was a post-structuralists. Baudrillard thought, as do many post-structuralists, that meaning is brought about through systems of signs working together.
In Hyper Reality, a SIGN is a representation, without an original referent. Individuals may find themselves for different reasons, more in tune or involved with the hyperreal world and less with the physical real world.
(Other post-structuralist theorists include Albert Borgman, Neil Postman and Umberto Eco.)
HYPER REALITY
The generation by models of a real without origin or reality. Baudrillard in particular suggests that the world we live in has been replaced by a copy world, where WE SEEK SIMULATED STIMULI AND NOTHING MORE. t
SIMULATION is characterized by a blending of ‘reality’ and representation, where there is no clear indication of where the former stops and the latter begins. It takes place within a space not categorized by physical limits i.e., within ourselves, technological simulations, etc.

13. SIMULACRUM is often defined as a copy with no original, or as Gilles Deleuze (1990) describes it, “the simulacrum is an image without resemblance”. Baudrillard argues that a simulacrum is not a copy of the real, but becomes truth in its own right, aka the hyperreal. He created four steps of reproduction: (1) basic reflection of reality, (2) perversion of reality; (3) pretence of reality (where there is no model); and (4) simulacrum, which "bears no relation to any reality whatsoever”.
SYMBOL when confusing or blending the 'real' with the symbol which represents it;, it involves creating a symbol or set of signifiers which represent something that does not actually exist, like Santa Claus.

18. Hyperreality can also be thought of as "reality by proxy"; simply put, an individual takes on someone else's version of reality and claims it as his or her own. For example, persons who watch soap operas for an extended period of time may develop a view of interpersonal relationships (reality) that are skewed by how the writers depict the characters and situations within the show. Individuals may begin to believe that these extreme dramatic relationships are authentic and real, and they may begin to judge social relationships and situations by this heightened lens of reality. Individuals may observe and accept hyperreal images as role models, when the images don’t necessarily represent real physical people. This can result in a desire to strive for an unobtainable ideal, or it may lead to a lack of unimpaired role models. Daniel Boorstin warns against confusing celebrity worship with hero worship, “we come dangerously close to depriving ourselves of all real models. We lose sight of the men and women who do not simply seem great because they are famous but who are famous because they are great Hyper reality is used in Advertising, to assign symbols/signifiers to products that are not related to the product.

19. Andy Warhol
(pop art, consumerism, products that “symbolize” something other than real, confusing r celebrity with heros, reality with simulacra)

24. The building HOLDS the sign
The building IS the sign
Both are in a way more what people want, more real” than a simulation of a city. Influenced post-modern architecture.